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56. The correct answer is (E). Russia had no particular interest in Africa. Rather it looked to the Far
East, specifically to China, as a possible area of colonial expansion.
57. The correct answer is (E). When you think of Gothic architecture, think of the cathedral of Notre
Dame in Paris with its flying buttresses. The flying buttresses were necessary to support the thin walls
of that style of architecture.
58. The correct answer is (C). In 1815, Metternich organized the Quadruple Alliance to enforce the
Vienna settlements and to suppress revolution. In 1818, France became a member. This cooperative
effort is referred to as the Concert of Europe.
59. The correct answer is (A). Kipling’s poem was written in 1899 to generate support for such acts as
the United States’ annexation of the Philippines. It calls on developed nations to “take up the White Man’s
burden.” That “burden” is to take charge of people the poem refers to as “half devil and half child.”

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Lesson 7
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ARCO
■ SAT II Subject Tests
60. The correct answer is (C). This is one part of the famous Monroe Doctrine announced by President
James Monroe in his annual address of 1823. The other part warns European powers against trying to
reestablish control over countries that were formerly colonies. Actually, the announcement of the
Monroe Doctrine was rather a nonevent in Europe. European nations either ignored it or indicated
that they would abide by it only if it suited them. It is true that European powers by and large left
Latin America alone during the rest of the nineteenth century, but this is because the European nations
that might otherwise have decided to intervene in Latin America feared that the British navy would
stop them. Certainly, at the time the United States didn’t have the naval power to enforce the Monroe
Doctrine. Between its initial formulation and the end of the nineteenth century, the Monroe Doctrine
languished in obscurity, cited only once or twice. In 1895, Secretary of State Richard Olney cited the
Monroe Doctrine as giving the United States priority over Great Britain in resolving a border dispute
between Venezuela and British Guiana. Thereafter, the Monroe Doctrine became an important part of
American foreign policy.
Seward’s Folly, as you probably remember, refers to the decision of Secretary of State William
Seward to purchase Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million. It was also referred to as “Seward’s
Icebox.” The American System refers to a plan proposed by Henry Clay in 1824 to make the United
States economically self-sufficient. Laissez-faire refers to an economic theory according to which
government takes a “hands off” policy toward business. Finally, in 1797, President Adams sent a
special mission to Paris to try to reduce hostilities between the United States and France. French
agents insulted the delegates by demanding a bribe before they would commence negotiations. Adams
reported the incident to Congress, designating the three French agents simply as X, Y, and Z.