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69. The correct answer is (C). Thomas Jefferson envisioned a United States of small and independent
farmers with only a limited national government.
70. The correct answer is (A). After the Soviet Union’s successful Sputnik launch, the United States
placed intermediate-range missiles in Italy and Turkey where they could reach the Soviet Union. In
1962, the Soviet Union began building missile bases in Cuba, where they threatened the United
States. When the United States learned of the missile bases, President Kennedy went on national
television to announce that the U.S. Navy would blockade Cuba to prevent the installation of Soviet
missiles there. Shortly thereafter, it was announced that Soviet ships, presumably carrying missiles,
were in the Atlantic Ocean and heading for Cuba. Ultimately, in exchange for a U.S. promise to
respect Cuba’s independence, the Soviet Union abandoned the plan to put missiles in Cuba. Many
people believe that the Cuban Missile’ Crisis brought the world close to a nuclear war.
71. The correct answer is (B). The open spaces of South Texas could be used for cattle production, but
the markets for beef were geographically too far removed. The Civil War, however, created a tremen-
dous demand for beef, and the railroad provided a means of transportation for getting goods to mar-
ket. The railroad, however, ended hundreds of miles north of the South Texas cattle-producing re-

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U.S History Subject Test
151
ARCO
■ SAT II Subject Tests
w w w . p e t e r s o n s . c o m / a r c o
gion. To reach the market, therefore, cattle were driven across Texas and through Indian territory to
the railheads in Missouri and Kansas. One of the routes was known as the Chisolm Trail.
72. The correct answer is (D). The first large battle of the Civil War, fought in Virginia at Bull Run
(1861), was won by Confederate forces. The Confederate Army also won the second battle of Bull
Run (1862). The battles at Gettysburg (1863) and Vicksburg (1863) were won by the Union Army. At
the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), a group of Sioux led by Sitting Bull wiped out General George
Custer’s forces. In one of the first major engagements of World War I in which American forces
participated, the American troops drove German forces out of the Belleau Wood (1918).