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§ 6. Semi-complex sentences of adverbial complication are derived 
from two base sentences one of which, the insert 

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sentence, is predicatively reduced and embedded in an adverbial 
position of the other one, the matrix sentence. E.g.: 
The task was completed. + The task seemed a very easy one. → 
The task, when completed, seemed a very easy one. The windows 
were closed.-\-She did not hear the noise in the street. —» The 
windows being closed, she did not hear the noise in the street. 
The subject of the insert sentence may be either identical with that 
of the matrix sentence (the first of the above examples) or not iden-
tical with it (the second example). This feature serves as the first 
fundamental basis for classifying the semi-complex sentences in 
question, since in the derived adverbial semi-clause the identical 
subject is dropped out and the non-identical subject is preserved. It 
will be reasonable to call the adverbial semi-clause of the first type 
(i.e. referring to the subject of the dominant clause) the "conjoint" 
semi-clause. The adverbial complicator expansion of the second 
type (i.e. having its own subject) is known under the name of the 
"absolute construction" (it will further be referred to as "absolut-
ive"). 
The given classification may be formulated for practical purposes 
as the "rule of the subject", which will run as follows: by adverbial-
ising scmi-complexing the subject of the insert sentence is deleted 
if it is identical with the subject of the matrix sentence, 
The other classificational division of adverbial semi-clauses con-
cerns the representation of the predicate position. This position is 
only partially predicative, the role of the partial predicate being 
performed by the participle, either present or past. The participle is 
derived from the finite verb of the insert sentence; in other words, 
the predicate of the insert sentence is participialised in the semi-
clause. Now, the participle-predicate of the adverbial semi-clause 
may be dropped out if the insert sentence, presents a nominal or 
existential construction (the finite verb be). Thus, in accord with 
this feature of their outer structure, adverbial semi-clauses are di-
vided into participial and non-participial. E.g.: 
One day Kitty had an accident. + She was swinging in the garden. 
→ One day Kitty had an accident while swinging in the garden. 
(The participle is not to be deleted, being of an actional character.) 
He is very young.+ He is quite competent in this field. —» Though 
being very young, he is 

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quite competent in this field. → Though very young, he is quite 
competent in this field. (The participle can be deleted, being of a 
linking nature.) She spoke as if being in a dream. → She spoke as 
if in a dream. (The predicate can be deleted, since It is expressed 
by the existential be.) 
The two predicate types of adverbial semi-clauses, similar to the 
two subject types, can be briefly presented by the "rule of the 
predicate" as follows: by adverbialising semi-complexing the verb-
predicate of the insert sentence is participialised, and may be de-
leted if it is expressed by be. 
Conjoint adverbial semi-clauses are either introduced by adverbial 
subordinated conjunctions or joined to the dominant clause asyn-
detically. The adverbial semantics expressed is temporal, broader 
local, causal, conditional, comparative. Cf. syndetic introduction of 
adverbial semi-clauses: 
He was silent as if not having heard the call. → ...as if he had not 
heard the call. Read on unless told otherwise. → ... unless you are 
told otherwise. Although kept out of the press, the event is widely 
known in the diplomatic circles. → Although it is kept out of the 
press... When in London, the tourists travelled in double-deckers. 
→ When they were in London... 
Asyndetic introduction of adverbial semi-clauses is characteristic 
of temporal and causal constructions. Cf.: 
Working on the book, the writer travelled much about the country. 
→ When working on the book... Dialling her number, she made a 
mistake. → While dialling her number... Being tired, I could not 
accept the invitation. → As I was tired... 
As for the absolutive adverbial semi-clauses, they are joined to the 
dominant clause either asyndetically, or, mostly for the purpose of 
emphasis, by the conjunction with. The adverbial semantics of the 
absolutive complicator expansion is temporal, causal, and atten-
dant-circumstantial. E.g.: 
Everything being settled, Moyra felt relieved. → As everything was 
settled... Two days having elapsed, the travellers set out on their 
way. —» When two days had elapsed...With all this work waiting 
for me, I can't afford to join their Sunday outing. → As all this 
work is waiting for me... • " 

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The rule of the predicate is observed in absolulive complicators the 
same as in conjoint adverbial complicators. Its only restriction con-
cerns impersonal sentences where the link-verb is not to be deleted. 
Cf.: 
The long luncheon over, the business friend would bow and go his 
way. → When the long luncheon was over... It being very hot, the 
children gladly ran down to the lake. → As it was very hot...