Applied Speech and Audio Processing: With matlab examples
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Applied Speech and Audio Processing With MATLAB Examples ( PDFDrive )
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- 7.8. Formant strengthening and steering
L = left channel, R = right channel, S = surround channel, C = centre channel
LFE = low frequency effects channel There are many more specialised systems in use around the world. The urge to add more and more channels appears to be unstoppable, despite the fact that humans have only two ears with which to hear sounds. 7.8. Formant strengthening and steering 189 fre qu e n c y, H z 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 relati v e a mp lit ud e , dB 60 50 40 30 20 10 L SP line number 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 0 Figure 7.8 A spectrum (in grey) overlaid with an altered set of LSPs and the spectrum resulting from the alteration. The original spectrum was given in Figure 5.10 on page 107. Alterations include line widening and shifting (see text). 7.8 Formant strengthening and steering As we know from previous chapters, LSPs are convertible to and from LPC coeffi- cients, and when in use in speech compression systems, LSPs will be quantised prior to transmission or storage. It is thus common to find that the decoded LPC coefficients differ from the original LPC coefficients in some ways. The use of an intermediate LSP representation for quantisation ensures that instabilities do not occur. A comparison of the original and final spectra shows differences in the immediate frequency regions of the lines that were changed most. From these observations it has been found possible to alter the values of particular LSPs to change the underlying spectral information which they represent. To illustrate this, Figure 7.8 plots the original spectrum from Figure 5.10, overlaid with a spectrum derived from an altered set of LSPs. The changes in the new spectrum came about through increasing the separation of LSP pair {1:2}, decreasing the separation of line pair {5:6} and shifting line 10. The increased separation of pair {1:2} resulted in a wider, lower amplitude spectral peak between them, whereas the decreased separation of pair {5:6} plus a slight upward frequency translation, caused a sharper peak between them, now at a higher frequency. Finally, moving line 10 closer to the Nyquist frequency of 4 kHz, caused a spectral peak to form at that frequency. It was probably Paliwal [24] who first reported that the effects on the underlying spectrum of modifying a line, are predominantly confined to the immediate frequency region of that line. However this observation is correct only in so far as obvious changes |
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