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IV. DOES THE PROGRAM ACHIEVE ITS GOALS?
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- B. What is the evidence that the program achieves these goals 1. Evidence of learning physics content
IV. DOES THE PROGRAM ACHIEVE ITS GOALS?
A. Summary of goals The program described above has several specific goals. The goals are to prepare a teacher of physics or physical science who: 共i兲 is knowledgeable in the content and processes of phys- ics, 共ii兲 can engage students in active learning of physics that resembles scientific inquiry 共iii兲 knows how to listen to the students and assess their learning in ways that improve learning, and 共iv兲 stays in the teaching profession. A fifth goal is to increase the number of teachers of phys- ics graduating from the program. B. What is the evidence that the program achieves these goals? 1. Evidence of learning physics content For the last 3 years the students have taken FCI 关 62 兴 and CSEM 关 63 兴 as pretests when they enroll in the first course in the program. The scores range from very low 共40–50 % on FCI to 30–40 % on CSEM 兲 to very high 共100% on FCI and 90% on CSEM 兲. The preservice teachers who score low are usually those who received their undergraduate degree a long time ago 共“postbac” students兲, have a chemistry major and are pursuing a physical science certification rather than straight physics, have an engineering major, or are students in the five-year program who are taking the bulk of their physics courses in the last year of their undergraduate degree 共usually these are transfer students or students who decided to become physics teachers late in the undergraduate course of study 兲. Sometimes those scores can be as low as 25–30 % on FCI. However, after two years in the program preservice teachers make huge improvements in their physics knowl- edge. The majority score 90–100 % on FCI and 80–90 % on CSEM when they take them in the last course of the pro- gram. Another way to assess their level of physics knowl- edge is to examine the artifacts that the students create while in the program, such as history projects, lesson plans, unit plans, and course assessments; this allows for a much more thorough assessment of preservice teachers’ knowledge of the content of physics. As the same instructor teaches all of the PCK courses, these continuous physics-based interac- tions allow her to assess their current state of knowledge and TABLE V. 共Continued.兲 Unit element Difficulty Feedback to the student List of resources Preservice teachers list the internet sites and curriculum materials but not physics books and higher-level textbooks. What resources related to the depth of the content did you use? TABLE VI. Rubric for assessment of force diagrams 关 59 兴. Missing Inadequate Needs some improvement Adequate No force diagram is constructed. Force diagram is constructed but contains major errors: missing or extra forces 共not matching with the interacting objects 兲, incorrect directions of force arrows or incorrect relative length of force arrows. Force diagram contains no errors in force arrows but lacks a key feature such as labels of forces with two subscripts or forces are not drawn from single point. The diagram contains all appropriate force and each force is labeled so that one can clearly understand what each force represents. Relative lengths of force arrows are correct. Axes are shown. PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE AND PREPARATION … PHYS. REV. ST PHYS. EDUC. RES. 6, 020110 共2010兲 020110-17 Teacher Education in Physics 119 their progress. This is a subjective part of the assessment as the artifacts are not coded and there is no reliability check; however, the amount of evidence accumulated over the 7 years of the existence of the program allows me to describe some patterns that repeat year after year. When students come into the program, many of them ex- hibit the difficulties described in the PER literature, despite the fact that they are completing or have completed a degree in physics or have an equivalent of a physics degree. In addition, their approach to problem solving resembles that of novices—when given a problem they search for equations and when they find the ones that they think are appropriate, they plug in the numbers right away instead of drawing a picture and thinking about relevant concepts, and then deriv- ing the final equation in a symbolic form before plugging in the numbers. By the end of the program, the graduates become New- tonian thinkers who understand the connections between the net force and the changes of motion of the object; they are also skilled in momentum and energy, electrostatics, DC cir- cuits, and magnetism. In addition, they learn to approach problems in an expert way: represent the problem situation with a picture, a graph, derive an expression for the desired quantity and only then plug in the numbers. These conclu- sions are based on the quiz performance in the courses in the program and the homework assignments. For example, in the course Teaching Physical Science 共TPS, spring of the first year 兲 and in the course “Multiple Representations” 共MR, spring of the second year 兲, part of the homework assignment every other week is to solve standard physics problems rel- evant to the unit 共dynamics problems, conservation prob- lems, circuit problems, etc. 兲. In the spring of 2010 in the TPS course on the first assignment for dynamics, of the nine pre- service teachers only one person consistently derived the fi- nal expression for the answer before plugging in the numbers for all 12 assigned problems. At the same time in the MR course, five out of seven preservice teachers did it 共the as- signment was for electrostatics and had 13 problems 兲. Another source of data are the final unit plans and lesson plans. According to the scoring rubric developed for lesson plans adopted by the whole GSE, preservice teachers need to show an understanding of the content through the choice of appropriate NJ standards, goals, prerequisite knowledge, se- lection of concepts for the lesson and activities for formative assessments. The rubric scores range from 0 to 3 共0–missing; 1—does not meet expectations; 2—meets expectations; 3—exceeds expectations 兲. Although the reliability in the scoring is not determined as only the course instructor does the scoring, again, multiple years allow us to see some pat- terns. For example out of 27 first drafts of the lessons that students submitted during the first three weeks of the TPS course in the spring of 2010, 12 were scored 1, 13 were scored as 2 and only 2 were scored as 3. For the 7 lesson plans submitted at the end of the Teaching Internship seminar 共fall 2009, a different cohort兲 none of them was scored as 1, three were scored as 2 and another three were scored as 3. The topic of waves, including wave optics, still presents a challenge even after two years in the program, as does quan- tum optics and modern physics, as very few students design unit and lesson plans for those topics. The biggest difficulties there are the concepts of coherent waves and the dual nature of photons. The reason is that students encounter the major concepts of mechanics and electricity and magnetism at least three times in different courses in the program in different contexts but they only encounter modern physics and optics once or twice. Another assessment of graduates’ content knowledge comes from their student teaching supervisors and cooperat- ing teachers. For the former, we examined the records of student teachers during the past two years. Each preservice teacher was evaluated 14 times during a semester of student teaching. Because 11 students graduated from the program, there were 154 evaluations available. In each evaluation, among other criteria, the student’s demonstrated content knowledge was rated on a scale of 0–3, where 0 is not ob- served, 1 is not meeting expectations, 2 is meeting expecta- tions, and 3 is exceeding expectations. Out of the examined evaluations, the majority of the ratings were in the category of 3 共96兲 with the rest being in the category of 2. Additional data supporting the hypothesis that content knowledge of the graduates is relatively high comes from the interviews of science supervisors of the graduates who are now teaching. They were asked to rate the content knowledge of those of their teachers who are graduates of the Rutgers program. Out of 9 interviewed supervisors 共there are 11 graduates teaching in these districts 兲, 6 rated content knowledge of their teachers 共Rutgers graduates兲 to be 10 on the scale of 0–10 and 3 rated it as 9. Download 231.88 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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