particular testing experiments. This number increased
slightly during the semester, fluctuating between 4 and 9.
One student in the first submission of the reports never men-
tioned any predictions before describing testing experiments.
3. Evidence of ability to engage students in active
learning of physics
In the past two years we conducted more than 40 class-
room observations of the physics lessons taught by the
graduates of the program. During the observations, trained
observers collected detailed field notes and determined
RTOP
关
58
兴 scores for the lessons 共10 lessons were observed
by two observers simultaneously to develop the reliability of
the scores
兲. The RTOP 共Reformed Teaching Observation
Protocol
兲 is an instrument that allows a trained observer to
produce a score for a lesson that reflects to what extent the
lesson is teacher-centered
共teaching process is the focus of
the lesson
兲 or student-centered 共student learning is the focus
of thelesson
兲 关
42
兴. The scale of the instrument is 1–100; a
score over 50% indicates considerable presence of ‘reformed
teaching’ in a lesson. Although it does not directly assess
PCK, some RTOP categories reflect it. However for our pur-
pose of assessing the ability to create an interactive-
engagement lesson, RTOP is very useful as it allows one to
document multiple features of the lesson such as organiza-
tion of the content, depth of questions, the logic of the les-
son, student involvement, teacher attention to students’ com-
ment or questions, patience, etc.
The field notes show that the graduates of the program do
indeed engage students in active explorations of physical
phenomena
共found in more than 70% of the lessons兲 and
group work in which students work together in solving prob-
lems and conducting and discussing the experiments
共more
than 70% of the lessons
兲. The RTOP scores range from 50 to
87 with the average being 75. Interviews with the supervi-
sors provided more information about the climate in the
classrooms of the graduates. When asked to assign a score to
the classrooms of the graduates based on the statement “stu-
dents are actively engaged in the construction of their knowl-
edge”
共score of 1 means not engaged and 10 means very
actively engaged
兲, the supervisor rated the classrooms be-
tween 8 and 10
共2 of them provided a score of 8, 4 a score of
9, and 3 a score of 10
兲.
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