Article in Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society a mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · January 004 doi: 10. 1098/rsta. 2003
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5. Optical parametric amplification
Practical generation of tunable light using the parametric process requires the attain- ment of amplification, as in a laser. To achieve this, it is necessary to obtain coherent addition of the radiated waves in a particular direction through the material. In the laser, amplification is achieved through stimulated emission. In nonlinear processes, however, no such mechanism is available. Here, to obtain amplification it is first nec- essary to ensure that the propagation of the pump and the generated waves through the material is ‘synchronized’ in a particular direction. To obtain synchronism, it is necessary to ‘match’ the velocities of the pump and the generated waves. This will ensure a constant and well-defined phase relationship among the waves, enabling coherent addition and amplification of the generated waves through the medium. However, the pump and the parametric waves are all at different frequencies, and so cannot travel with the same velocity through the material due to dispersion. Because of this, the waves gradually step out of phase as they propagate through the mate- rial. After travelling a short distance known as the coherence length, c (figure 4), the relative phase slips by 180 ◦ . With propagation beyond this distance (typically a few micrometres), amplitudes of the generated waves begin to fall back to zero. With further propagation, the waves step in and out of phase periodically, with a period corresponding to 2 c . Therefore, the optical waves cannot maintain phase unison beyond a coherence length and no transfer of energy from the pump to the generated waves occurs in travelling through the medium. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) Parametric light generation 03TA2008/7 propagation direction ( z ) etc. etc. strong pump ( 1 , 1 ) ν λ ( 2 , 2 ) ν λ ( 3 , 3 ) ν λ ( 4 , 4 ) ν λ ( p , p ) ν λ coherence length c (1–100 µm) generated intensity 2 c 0 4 c 6 c undepleted pump Z Figure 4. Wave velocity mismatch and coherence length. The generated wave amplitudes (inten- sities) undergo oscillations in propagating through the nonlinear material, without experiencing any growth. The pump amplitude is unaffected by the generation and propagation of the para- metric waves. The amplitude of the generated waves relative to that of the pump are grossly exaggerated. The practical technique to overcome this limitation was first proposed in the early days of nonlinear optics (Giordmaine 1962; Maker et al . 1962). In certain dielectrics, it is possible to match the velocities of optical waves at different frequencies using polarization control. If the waves are all linearly polarized, then by using a suitable combination of polarization orientations, one can achieve synchronism for the optical waves in a particular direction. Materials in which this can be obtained are known as birefringent (Born & Wolf 1984). They possess an optically anisotropic crystal structure, where the velocity of an optical wave depends on its polarization state and propagation direction. † In this way, it is possible to achieve velocity and phase synchronism among the propagating waves in a given direction, and hence obtain amplification of the generated waves. This technique, known as phase-matching, is the vital ingredient in the attainment of gain in any nonlinear frequency conversion process. In the parametric process, the result is optical parametric amplification, as illustrated in figure 5. Phase-matching in nonlinear optics can be regarded as equivalent stimulated emission in lasers—they both provide the essential mechanism for optical gain and growth of the generated waves in each case. Of the infinite range of frequencies, satisfying energy conservation, that are emitted in the process, it is clearly impossible to achieve synchronism for all and only a † Essentially, the dipole oscillations in such materials exhibit different strengths (i.e. different dipole moments) depending on the dipole orientation relative to the electric field vector of the propagating optical wave. Almost all non-centrosymmetric materials that are of interest for nonlinear frequency conversion processes are birefringent, except those with cubic structure. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) 03TA2008/8 M. Ebrahimzadeh parametric amplification phase-match 'filter' propagation direction ( z ) strong pump ( p , p ) ν λ coherence length c generated intensity 2 c 0 4 c 6 c depleted pump Z ( s , s ) ν λ ( i , i ) ν λ Figure 5. Optical parametric amplification. The phase-match ‘filter’ provides the phase-velocity synchronism for only a particular set of signal and idler waves, out of the infinite number of waves generated, resulting in amplification. Power transfer occurs from the pump to the para- metric waves, resulting in a monotonic increase in the signal and idler intensity with propagation through the nonlinear material and a drop in the intensity of the transmitted pump. The ampli- tudes of the generated waves relative to the pump are grossly exaggerated. Subscripts ‘s’ and ‘i’ refer to the signal and idler, respectively. selected range of frequency pairs can be amplified. This range is determined by the phase-matching condition, which, out of all such waves, selects only those with phase velocities that can be closely matched in that direction. The phase-matching process can therefore be regarded as providing a spectral (or frequency) ‘filter’ that passes a selected range of signal and idler wavelengths for amplification (figure 5). In the photon picture, the phase-matching process is equivalent to the conservation of momentum—only those signal and idler photons whose sum of momentum values equal (or are close to) that of the pump photon will be amplified. On the other hand, the phase-matching condition is itself defined by the refractive indices of the birefringent material. Hence, by choosing a suitable linear polarization and propagation direction for the pump it is possible to select a particular set of refractive indices, and hence a particular pair of frequencies for amplification. In practice, this is achieved by judicious orientation of the crystal relative to the pump beam. † The important attribute of the technique is that by changing the orientation of the crystal relative to the pump it is possible to adjust the range of amplified frequencies, so that optical radiation over a wide range of frequencies can be obtained simply by rotating the nonlinear crystal relative to a fixed pump beam. Therefore, the parametric amplification process provides a highly convenient mechanism for the † This technique is known as angle tuning. There are also other methods, where phase-matching is obtained by using temperature tuning or by varying the pump wavelength (pump tuning). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) Parametric light generation 03TA2008/9 1 2 3 pump tunable light nonlinear material mirror mirror tuning s ( s ) ν λ Figure 6. The OPO in its simplest form, comprising a nonlinear gain medium and a pair of mir- rors. The device provides a tunable coherent light beam with exceptional wavelength flexibility. Unlike the laser, optical gain is available only in the pump beam direction in passes 1 and 3, with no gain available in pass 2. Hence, amplification occurs only in the forward pass, unless the pump is double-passed through the nonlinear material a second time. In the above example, the mirrors are highly reflecting at only one of the parametric waves (e.g. the signal). This is known as a singly resonant oscillator (SRO). In the case when both signal and idler waves are resonant, the OPO is referred to as a doubly resonant oscillator (DRO). There are also other OPO architectures in which even the pump may be resonant in addition to the signal and idler waves (in order to enhance the pumping intensity available to the nonlinear material). This type of device is referred to as a pump-resonant or pump-enhanced (PE) OPO and could be either in the SRO (hence PE-SRO) or DRO (hence PE-DRO) configuration (Ebrahimzadeh & Dunn 2000). generation of tunable light over extended spectral bands using a laser pump source at a fixed frequency. Download 377.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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