Article in Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society a mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · January 004 doi: 10. 1098/rsta. 2003
§ 5, the traditional method relies on
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§ 5, the traditional method relies on birefringent phase-matching (BPM). Hence,
optical anisotropy is in general another necessary material parameter. This require- ment can, however, be circumvented by using alternative phase-matching schemes. A particularly important technique is quasi-phase-matching (QPM), which is now established as a highly effective and practical approach (Fejer et al . 1992). The tech- nique was first proposed around four decades ago (Armstrong et al . 1962), but its practical implementation was not possible until the development of reliable fabri- cation methods in ferroelectric materials (Myers et al . 1995). In the QPM process, the orientation of the electric dipoles in the material is periodically reversed by 180 ◦ every coherence length along the propagation direction (figure 8). A practical method for domain reversal is through periodic poling of ferroelectric materials by applying a high electrical field (several kV) across the crystal using patterned electrodes. The result of periodic poling is that oscillations of electric dipoles in successive domains also become out of phase by 180 ◦ . This has the effect of preserving a constructive Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) 03TA2008/12 M. Ebrahimzadeh demonstrated OPO tuning range nominal transparency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 wavelength (µm) 1 5 10 15 20 nonlinear strength, d eff (pm V −1 ) periodically poled LiNbO 3 (PPLN) KNbO 3 periodically poled KTiOPO 4 (PPKTP), RbTiOAsO 4 (PPRTA), KTiOAsO 4 (PPKTA) periodically poled LiTaO 3 (PPLT) KTiOPO 4 (KTP), RbTiOAsO 4 (RTA), KTiOAsO 4 (KTA) β-BaB 2 O 4 (BBO) LiB 3 O 5 (LBO) Figure 9. The optical nonlinearity, nominal transparency range, and tuning capability of a number of important new materials recently used in the development of OPO devices. The indicated spectral coverage may not in all cases correspond to a single device, but is potentially available to the material in different device configurations. relative phase (albeit in a quasi-continuous manner) between the optical waves gener- ated in successive domains as they propagate through the material, preventing them from slipping out of phase after one coherence length due to dispersion. The poling period, Λ, is generally made to correspond to two coherence lengths, but domain lengths that are integer multiples of a coherence length may also be used at the expense of reduced efficiency. The end result is that the generated waves undergo quasi-continuous growth as they propagate with the pump through the material, as illustrated in figure 8. While the growth of optical waves in QPM is non-monotonic, as in BPM (see figure 5), the overriding advantage of the technique is that it can be freely engineered. By fabricating the correct poling period, one can obtain any desired wavelength within the material transparency. Moreover, because QPM does not rely on birefringence, the wave polarizations and propagation direction can be freely chosen to access the highest nonlinear coefficients in the material not avail- able in BPM. This ability more than compensates for the quasi-continuous nature of amplification in QPM and ensures larger growth of the generated waves than in BPM. It is vital that the material has a sufficiently high damage threshold to withstand the large pumping intensities (typically greater than 10 MW cm −2 ). Other important material requirements include high optical quality and low absorption and scattering losses. The ability to grow and fabricate the material in bulk form and large size is Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) Parametric light generation 03TA2008/13 also essential, and chemical and thermal stability are imperatives for any practical device. The nonlinear strength, transparency range and tuning capability of a number of prominent materials used in OPO development are summarized in figure 9. A comprehensive survey of nonlinear materials can be found elsewhere (Dmitriev et al . 1991). Download 377.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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