Article in Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society a mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · January 004 doi: 10. 1098/rsta. 2003
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Phil.Trans.
6. Optical parametric oscillators
For practical realization of the parametric process, it is often necessary to enclose the nonlinear material within an optical resonator (figure 6), as in a conventional laser. This allows successive transits of generated waves in the optical cavity, hence provid- ing sufficient amplification over practical lengths of material (a few millimetres to a few centimetres) to yield macroscopic output. This is known as an optical paramet- ric oscillator (OPO) and represents the most common architecture for parametric devices. † As in a laser oscillator, the OPO is also characterized by a threshold, defined by the condition when the growth of the parametric waves in one round-trip of the cavity just balances the loss in that round-trip. In an OPO, amplification is generally available only in the pump-beam direction. Therefore, unlike the laser, optical gain is generally single-pass, whereas the losses occur in both passes of the cavity (see figure 6). Once threshold has been surpassed, coherent light at macroscopic levels can be extracted from the OPO. † Other configurations include optical parametric generators (OPGs) and amplifiers (OPAs), which are implemented without the use of optical cavities (Danielius et al . 1993). However, such devices require extremely intense laser-pump sources to provide large nonlinear gain in a single pass through the material to avoid the need for an optical resonator. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) 03TA2008/10 M. Ebrahimzadeh wavelength (µm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 OPOs lasers periodically poled LiNbO 3 (PPLN) β-BaB 2 O 4 (BBO) LiB 3 O 5 (LBO) Ti:sapphire Cr 2+ :ZnSe Cr 3+ :YAG Cr 3+ :Mg 2 SiO 4 Tm 3+ :YAG Co 2+ :MgF 2 dye alexandrite Figure 7. Comparison of the spectral coverage of prominent conventional tunable lasers with that of a number of OPO devices demonstrated to date. Vertical scale has no significance. The potential of the OPO derives from its exceptional wavelength flexibility, which allows access to substantial portions of the spectrum unavailable to lasers through suitable combination of nonlinear material and laser pump source. Figure 7 compares the wavelength range of a number of OPO devices with several prominent tunable lasers. It can be seen that many regions inaccessible to lasers are readily covered by OPOs. Moreover, spectral regions far more extensive than any tunable laser are accessible with a single device based on one nonlinear crystal. The OPO is also very efficient in converting the pump into useful output energy, has a simple tuning mechanism, can be configured as a compact device, and has a practical solid-state design. (a) Nonlinear material A dielectric material suitable for use in an OPO must satisfy several requirements simultaneously. As noted in § 4, at the fundamental level the material must be non- centrosymmetric. It must also possess large nonlinearity † in order for the incident laser beam to induce efficient generation of new frequencies through strong dipole oscillations. This property is essentially related to the dipole moment of constituent atoms or molecules in the material: the larger the dipole moment, the higher the nonlinearity, and hence the stronger the parametric generation. Clearly, the material must also be transparent at the pump and parametric wavelengths and a broad transparency range is always desirable. † The nonlinearity of the material is measured in terms of its so-called nonlinear coefficients, d, which are elements of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor (Boyd 1992). The overall nonlinear strength for the process is determined by the particular orientation of the wave polarizations necessary for phase- matching and their propagation direction. It is given by the effective nonlinear coefficients, d eff , which is usually quoted in units of pm V −1 (10 −12 m V −1 ). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) Parametric light generation 03TA2008/11 + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ propagation direction ( z ) strong pump ( p , p ) ν λ generated intensity 2 c 0 4 c 6 c depleted pump Z ( s , s ) ν λ ( i , i ) ν λ poling period Λ c Figure 8. QPM in optical parametric amplification. The orientation of the electric dipoles is flipped through the material with a period, Λ = 2 c . The generated signal and idler waves preserve a constructive phase relative to the pump and hence experience quasi-continuous growth with propagation through the material. Power transfer occurs from the pump to the parametric waves, resulting in the depletion of the transmitted pump. The amplitudes of the generated waves relative to the pump are grossly exaggerated. Subscripts ‘s’ and ‘i’ refer to the signal and idler, respectively. Another essential material property is its ability to be phase-matched. As noted in Download 377.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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