Article in Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society a mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · January 004 doi: 10. 1098/rsta. 2003
particularly BBO, LBO and KTP, has overcome this major barrier and nanosec-
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particularly BBO, LBO and KTP, has overcome this major barrier and nanosec- ond OPOs have now been established as viable sources of coherent light pulses from ca. 400 nm in the near-ultraviolet to ca. 12 µ m in the mid-infrared. Optical energies from a few millijoules to 200 mJ can now be provided by such devices over a range of pulse durations from ca. 1 ns to ca. 50 ns. The majority of nanosecond OPOs have been pumped by Nd:YAG lasers, more recently in diode-pumped, all-solid-state configurations. For enhancement of spectral and spatial coherence, novel design concepts and new resonator architectures have been developed, enabling the generation of optical pulses with high spectral purity, excellent spatial quality and broad tunability. The availability of wide-aperture QPM Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) 03TA2008/14 M. Ebrahimzadeh materials such as periodically poled KTP (PPKTP) also promises further progress in high-energy OPOs with enhanced operating parameters. The development of QPM materials, particularly PPLN, with large nonlinearity (d eff ∼ 16 pm V −1 , see figure 9) and long interaction lengths (up to 60 mm), combined with the advances in pump-laser technology, have now extended the operation of nanosecond OPOs to relatively low pump-pulse energies (a few microjoules to a few millijoules). While avoiding material damage due to lower energy fluence, this approach has permitted the development of OPOs that can deliver continuous train of nanosecond pulses at repetition rates of up to 30 kHz, with average powers as high as 10 W. (b) Ultrafast OPOs Advances in OPO technology have led to the development of devices capable of pro- ducing ultrashort optical pulses. Such ultrafast OPOs use pump pulses with picosec- ond or femtosecond † durations at high repetition rates (ca. 50 MHz to ca. 10 GHz), available from mode-locked lasers. Because of their extremely short duration, picosec- ond and femtosecond pulses can provide high optical intensities and are there- fore attractive for pumping OPOs. At the same time, the energy content of ultra- short pulses is generally small (from ca. 10–20 nJ for a typical femtosecond laser (e.g. Ti:sapphire) to over 200 nJ for a high-power picosecond laser (e.g. mode-locked Nd:YAG)), so that material damage is greatly alleviated by the low pump-energy fluence. Therefore, ultrashort pulses uniquely combine the advantages of high input intensity and low-energy fluence, ideal for the implementation of viable OPO devices. Practical operation of ultrafast OPOs is based on a different pumping principle from other OPO configurations. Because of the use of ultrashort pump pulses, these devices rely on the technique of synchronous pumping. In this scheme, the length of the OPO cavity is arranged such that the time taken for a generated parametric pulse to complete one round-trip of the cavity equals the repetition period of the input pulse train. This will ensure that after each round-trip, the generated pulse coincides with the next pump pulse in the input train, allowing it to be successively amplified by consecutive pump pulses. This scheme is necessary in the presence of ultrashort pulses, because of the ‘instantaneous’ nature of nonlinear gain. As noted earlier, nonlinear processes are initiated by dipole oscillations in the medium, driven by an input field. The ‘reaction’ time of the dipoles to the incoming oscillating field is determined by the response time of the constituent electronic charge clouds. This response time is extremely short (ca. 10 −20 s), so that in practice dipole reaction can be regarded as instantaneous. The result is that dipole oscillations, the origin of nonlinear gain, will occur only in the presence of the input field and so, when the input radiation is pulsed, no gain will be available outside the time window of the pump pulse. The situation is different from the laser, where there is a finite lifetime associated with the upper energy level (for example, in Nd:YAG, the spontaneous life-time of the upper laser level is ca. 550 µ s) and optical gain can still be available after pump excitation, for a time determined by the upper-state lifetime. The instantaneous nature of nonlinear gain means that in the ultrafast regime, optical amplification is available over only the very short time duration of the pump Download 377.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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