Article in Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society a mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · January 004 doi: 10. 1098/rsta. 2003
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Phil.Trans.
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003)
03TA2008/16 M. Ebrahimzadeh SPPOs was extended to ca. 5 µ m using non-collinear phase-matching. By employing a similar phase-matching scheme in BBO, femtosecond pulses in the visible with durations as short as ca. 13 fs were generated. With the advent of QPM materials, PPLN, periodically poled RTA (PPRTA) and PPKTP, operation of femtosecond SPPOs has become attainable using all-solid-state Ti:sapphire lasers. These devices can currently cover extensive spectral regions from ca. 1 µ m up to ca. 7 µ m, often from a single device. In combination with other frequency conversion processes, fem- tosecond SPPOs can currently access spectral regions from ca. 500 nm in the green to 8 µ m in the mid-infrared (Ebrahimzadeh 2003). They can provide optical pulses with durations from less than 20 fs to 1 ps at repetition rates from ca. 50 MHz to ca. 1 GHz, with average powers in excess of 1 W. (c) Continuous-wave OPOs The development of practical OPO devices has perhaps been most challenging in the CW regime. Because of the steady-state nature of device operation in the CW regime and the potential for the attainment of highest spectral purity in the output radiation, CW OPOs represent attractive sources of tunable coherent light. However, the substantially lower intensities available to CW lasers present a major obstacle to practical device development in this regime. † In the simplest OPO cavity design, the SRO, ‡ the pump makes a single pass through the nonlinear material, with only one of the generated waves resonated within the cavity. In this configuration, the operation threshold in birefringent non- linear materials is generally beyond the reach of most CW lasers. ¶ To overcome this barrier, novel pumping and resonance schemes based on multiply resonant OPO cavities can be adopted. By resonating more than one generated wave (or even the pump itself) in the cavity, large reductions in OPO threshold can be obtained. In the simplest design, the doubly resonant oscillator (DRO), both parametric waves (signal and idler) are resonated in the OPO cavity (see footnote). Other variations include resonating one of the generated waves and the pump (PE-SRO), or even two generated waves together with the pump (PE-DRO). However, because of the need to confine more than one optical wave within a single cavity, practical implemen- tation of multiply resonant devices places stringent demands on frequency stability of the pump and mechanical stability of the OPO cavity. The pump laser must be single-frequency, while the OPO cavity length must remain stable to typically a few nanometres. Practical operation of multiply resonant OPOs is thus attainable only † The maximum optical intensity available from a powerful CW pump laser (e.g. a 20 W argon- ion laser) focused to an area of 0.001 cm × 0.001 cm, say, is of the order of ca. 20 × 10 6 W cm −2 . The equivalent optical intensity can be achieved with a pulsed nanosecond laser delivering as little as 0.2 µJ in pulses with 10 ns duration or with a mode-locked laser with ca. 100 fs pulse duration at an average power of only ca. 160 µW (at a repetition rate of ca. 80 MHz). These represent extremely low requirements in the context of readily available pulsed lasers, whereas the equivalent CW power is at the extreme upper end of capability of most CW lasers. ‡ See figure 6 for further explanation. The detailed description of the various resonance configurations for OPO devices is beyond the scope of this paper, but can be found elsewhere (Ebrahimzadeh & Dunn 2000). ¶ For a birefringent crystal such as KTP with a length of 10 mm in SRO configuration, the threshold for OPO operation can be as high as ca. 20 W, which corresponds to a highly powerful CW pump laser, not readily available in every laboratory. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) Parametric light generation 03TA2008/17 by using active electronic control and stabilization schemes. For fine spectral con- trol and smooth tuning, variations of multiply resonant cavities can be employed, including monolithic and split-cavity resonators. Despite the drawback of highest operation threshold, the SRO approach offers important practical advantages over multiply resonant cavities. By resonating only one generated wave in the optical cavity, the requirement for single-frequency pump lasers is avoided, allowing practical OPO operation without the need for active cavity length control. The SRO also has the potential for extraction of higher optical powers and is less demanding on coating specifications of cavity mirrors. These features avoid many of the practical complexities of multiply resonant cavities, albeit at the expense of substantially increased threshold. The high operation threshold of CW SROs can be brought within the reach of available pump lasers by using a number of techniques. Non-resonant reflection of pump light can reduce the SRO threshold by 50%. Further threshold reductions as much as 75% can obtained by back-reflection of the non-resonant generated wave together with the pump, but this requires careful adjustment of the relative phase of the optical waves on the return pass through the material using active control. An alternative technique is to use intra-cavity pumping by exploiting the high circulating intensities available internal to the pump laser. Here, the OPO is placed inside the pump-laser cavity, and the circulating intensity is maximized using high-reflecting pump mirrors. This scheme allows the SRO threshold to be breached with readily available pump lasers, enabling the development of practical all-solid-state CW SROs based on low-power semiconductor lasers. The advent of QPM materials has also had a major impact on CW OPOs. The substantially higher nonlinearities combined with large lengths (60 mm in PPLN) has, on the one hand, enabled the development of SROs in simple external pumping architectures, capable of delivering unprecedented optical powers (a few watts). On the other hand, the use of PPLN in multiply resonant cavities has permitted the operation of CW OPOs with minimal threshold (a few milliwatts), compatible with the direct use of low-power semiconductor or miniature diode-pumped solid-state pump lasers. The important advances in birefringent and QPM materials together with innova- tions in resonator design, novel pumping and resonance schemes have led to unprece- dented progress in CW OPOs in the last few years (Ebrahimzadeh & Dunn 2000). For the first time, CW OPOs are being recognized as viable sources of coherent optical radiation with high spectral purity, frequency and intensity stability, and practi- cal powers from the visible to the mid-infrared. At present, CW OPOs can provide spectral coverage from ca. 600 nm to ca. 5 µ m at power levels of up to ca. 4 W. Download 377.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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