Artificial intelligence and business education: What should be taught
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1.3. AI and the nature of work
Numerous studies reveal that several new categories of jobs are emerging. These new categories require skills and training that will take many companies by surprise. Many of these new and emerging jobs are an outgrowth of AI. The issue for business school education is so very often the process of changing or adapting curriculum to meet these emerging needs tends to lag far behind the actual demand. From a meso-perspective, the impact of AI is similar to the impact that automation had on many manufacturing processes. The result being the loss of blue-collar jobs. With the increasing deployment of AI comes the potential for a major shift in the needs for and utilization of white-collar employees. In fact, the impact is already being felt by some historically protected high-quality professional jobs. By way of example, image recognition tools are beginning to outperform physicians in detecting forms of skin cancer. In the legal profession, e-discovery technologies capable of scanning and interpreting millions of documents has reduced the need for large teams of lawyers and paralegals in case preparation ( Haenlein & Kaplan, 2019 ; Rahimian, 2011 ). There appears to be a level of consensus that as AI becomes increasingly more sophisticated, job displacement will most certainly occur. This doom and gloom view does overlook the fact that many new jobs will also be created. However, how those new jobs will look has little to no resemblance to the jobs that exist today. These new jobs will be uniquely human. In fact, these jobs will be novel, requiring skills and training for which there is no precedents ( Wilson, Daugherty, & Bianzine, 2017 ). What is the role of a business education in preparing students to assume and thrive in these new jobs? Many of these AI and related technologies will lead to the displacement of current jobs and workers. As a result, many aspects of traditional business school curriculum need to evolve to provide students with the necessary skills to thrive in this rapidly changing M. Sollosy and M. McInerney The International Journal of Management Education 20 (2022) 100720 3 world. In addition to a grounding in the application of AI technology, these AI related roles will require workers with a stronger skill set and orientation in areas such as ethics, leadership, emotional intelligence, and change management. While competencies in the technical aspects of AI are a foundational component, there are needs that overshadow them. For employers to embrace and even partner with AI, business schools need to increasingly emphasize the development and maturation of intellectual skills. Insight and other human attributes, along with other ‘people skills’ such as creativity, sound judgement, and effective communication are becoming increasingly more valuable and sought after ( Fleming, 2020 ). Ironically these are not new skills. Rather they have and should be part of any robust business education. Wilson et al. (2017) suggest three (3) new categories of AI driven business and technology related jobs. They contend that humans in these jobs will complement the tasks performed by the cognitive technology. That the human interaction will ensure that the work performed by the machine is both effective and responsible. That it is fair, transparent, and auditable. The three categories identified by Wilson et al. (2017) are trainers, explainers, and sustainers. The first, trainers will be those jobs whereby the human teaches the AI systems how they should perform. These jobs range from those engaged on the development of natural-language processors and language translators to those jobs entailing the development and teaching of AI algorithms how to mimic human behavior. Examples include the development of customer service chatbots. The goal is to train these artifacts to detect complexities and subtleties in human communication, which people do not always literally mean what they say. In essence, this is a job for an “empathy trainer”, someone who can teach AI systems how to show compassion. Examples of the result are Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alex that answer people’s questions with sympathy and depth ( Wilson et al., 2017 ). The second opportunity lies in the category of explainers, those individuals whose job it is to bridge the gap between technologies and business leaders. They provide clarity to the situation and outputs. This is increasingly important as AI systems level of opaqueness increases. Many people are uneasy with the “black box” nature of these systems. As the deployment of AI systems continues to pro- liferate, there will be an increasing need for people who can explain the inner workings of these complex algorithms to less technically savvy professionals. These professionals will help explain why the AI system presented the solution it did ( Wilson et al., 2017 ). The third opportunity is for that category identified as sustainers. It is this category of jobs that help ensure that the AI system is operating as designed. That any unintended consequences are addressed with the appropriate level of urgency. In a survey conducted by Wilson et al. (2017) , less than one third of companies had a high degree of confidence in the fairness and auditability of the AI systems. Less than one half had similar feelings towards the safety of those systems. These finding clearly indicate that there are fundamental issues that need to be addressed to ensure continued usage of AI technologies. This is the role for the sustainer. Of the many potential roles for the sustainer, one of the most important is that of the ethics compliance manager. This role en- compasses a kind of watchdog or ombudsman with a focus for upholding the norms of human values and morals. This role will intervene and look to uncover reasons for apparent discrimination or bias in the AI algorithms. Working with algorithm forensic analysts, they will seek to uncover the underlying reasons for those results and then implement appropriate fixes ( Wilson et al., 2017 ). The types and categories of jobs presented are unprecedented and will be required at scale across most all industries. These new jobs present significant challenges and opportunities for organizational training and development programs. The challenge for edu- cation and specifically business education is at the heart of the issue we start to explore here. While the training for some of these jobs can be accomplished outside of a formal educational setting, many will not. Many of these new jobs will require advanced degrees and highly specialized skills. An examination of AI in the corporate environment already starts to show impacts at most every single element of a company’s value chain and as a result is transforming industries in a fundamental manner. This is particularly true in service industries ( Huang & Rust, 2018 ). AI applications are already in use in human resource management to assist in the screening of resumes and in the selection of candidates in the form of advanced application tracking systems. AI is increasingly utilized in marketing and sales to allow for better targeting and personalized communication ( Kaplan & Haenlein, 2019 ). AI can be utilized to identify thousands of psychotypes (Kosinski, Stillwell, & Graepel, 2013) and create messages targeting the recipients’ specific preferences ( Kaplan & Haenlein, 2019 ). The financial services industry provides for an examination of industry effects. The rise of financial technology (fintech) has revolutionized the entire field of asset management. In the retail sector, AI is used for inventory management. The exemplar of this process is Amazon and its anticipatory shipping patent that can anticipate what to ship to a customer before they even order it ( Kaplan & Haenlein, 2019 ). Download 402.32 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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