Artificial intelligence and business education: What should be taught
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1.4. Business education for AI
One issue that must be faced is the mismatch between the rate of change in desired skill sets by employers and the rate of change within business curriculum. The primary cause of this change and mismatch is the ongoing emergence of the knowledge economy. In business schools the work of management educators has been, currently is, and barring significant intervention, continues to be or- dered by the institutional logic and norms within the domain of higher education (Seers, 2007). The very concept of AI demands a change in the existing paradigm of business education, both in terms of how and what is delivered in the classroom. At its most basic level, there is a need for change in one overarching aspect. The need to move away from a “silo” approach of focusing on specialized managerial functions and a related emphasis on business processes. The fact is that most business program’s design is function orientated. Russell Ackoff (1997), a pioneer in management science and systems thinking, noted that business reality cannot be divided into separate disciplines. Ackoff stated in the inaugural issue of Academy of Management Learning and Education, “ There is no such thing as a marketing problem or a financial problem or a production problem. These are points of view, not kinds of problems” ( Detrick, 2002 ). Greiner, Bhambri, and Cummings (2003) contend that the shift away from interdisciplinary thinking in business education has led to students with too narrow a focus or view. M. Sollosy and M. McInerney The International Journal of Management Education 20 (2022) 100720 4 AI is more encompassing than the qualitative and technical aspects most associated with it. Arguably, there is a tremendous need for individuals with the technical programming skills in languages such as R, Python, and the like, as well as complex database management skills. The question, however, centers around where such skills should be taught, what discipline, department, or college/ school for that matter, should concentrate in the development of those skills. AI is increasingly impacting many aspects of business. This includes such areas as; human resources, information technology, marketing, and finance, to name a few ( Nicola & Dalessio, 2019 ). Business students should have the ability to collect the proper or correct information, analyze the [business] problem by applying logical reasoning and then apply the appropriate problem solving methodology to real world business problems ( ¨ OZDEMIR ). AI is increasingly becoming a major tool deployed in this process. When examining some of the more technical aspects of AI, one can see that the programming and database management skill sets are the domain of the Management Information Sciences departments within most colleges of business. For it is within this dominion that the lower level, base tools, that drive AI are formulated and implemented. However, a case can be made that the closer to the root the technology development is, then the skills development may better be housed within a Computer Science Department. This usually results in the skill sets more likely found in a school of engineering than a business school. A confluence of factors has also conspired to exasperate the situation. These include, a low level of mathematical competence, a lack of appreciation for quantitative literacy, a mismatch between teaching, research, and practical relevance (not keeping up with industry developments), and the inability to break down the silo approach to teaching. This last point is particularly relevant in the areas of decision science, statistics, and information technology ( Sircar, 2009 ). Much of the literature addressing changing business school curriculum is focused on MBA programs ( Sircar, 2009 ). This is most likely a result of these programs being considered flagship programs within business schools. However, undergraduate programs are also in need of similar transformation. After all, in most cases, it is the same faculty and administration involved with both programs within the business school. One of the key drivers for this needed shift is the increasing focus on the broader business processes rather than more myopic specialized functions. The basis for this is the realization that businesses are comprised of and must perform across a myriad of processes. That these processes cut across the different specialized functions ( Sircar, 2009 ). For example, the introduction of a new product by a company entails active participation by R&D, production, information systems, accounting, finance, and marketing, to name a few of the functions. The hypercompetitive environment in which business operates today is radically different from previous decades. This change requires a reassessment of how and what business schools teach. This altered environment is continually being shaped and reshaped by deregulation, globalization, and the internet. These factors have colluded in creating a hypercompetitive environment, where com- panies generally produce similar products and have access to similar technologies. As a result, competitive advantage is more focused on how companies differentiate their business processes ( Sircar, 2009 ). A significant aspect of this differentiation resides in the widespread and effective use of business analytics ( Davenport, 2006 ; Davenport et al., 2007 ). The effective use is less about the actual technology and more related to the interpretation of the output for better decision making. Unfortunately, on the teaching front, the recognition of the need to innovate curricula has failed to recognize the urgent need to introduce courses and focus in the rapidly emerging areas of and within AI ( Sircar, 2009 ). In a survey administered and reported by Pan et al. (2018) , the area drawing the largest response rate centered around the ability to communicate using data. The area with the next highest rating of interest was spreadsheet utilizing data management and statistics. Interestingly, the ability to use specific software packages was not high in the ratings. These findings only reinforce the view that employers continue to value students who have a solid foundation in traditional in- tellectual attributes coupled with a strong emphasis on the ability to communicate technical data. In fact, members of a business school’s advisory board agreed that communication using data was critically important. That sourcing people with the requisite technical skills to perform an analysis was relatively easy. However, finding people who could both conduct an analysis and communicate the results in an accurate, clear, and comprehensible manner to decision-makers was a challenge ( Pan et al., 2018 ). Data is everywhere. With the advances in technology, particularly with AI, the collection of data is growing at an exponential rate. Multiple industries are being transformed through the utilization of data analytics and AI. This data explosion has resulted in com- panies seeking to recruit and hire individuals who understand how to manage large datasets in support of their decision making needs. By extension, there has been a corresponding increase in the job market demand for those individuals with these skills ( Clayton & Clopton, 2019 ; Henry & Venkatraman, 2015 ). So, when all is said and done, all students regardless of specific discipline of study need exposure to and a working familiarity with the tools and techniques associated with AI and data analytics. It is increasingly important that students develop an understanding of where, when, and how to utilize the tools of data analytics ( Pan et al., 2018 ). There is a tremendous need to improve the data competencies in students who do not major in data analytics. This need extends to all majors including accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, management, and marketing ( C´ardenas-Navia & Fitzgerald, 2015 ; Pan et al., 2018 ). However, it is a significant challenge to design a data analytics curriculum for all business students who are not data analytic majors ( Pan et al., 2018 ; Singh, Misra, & Sri- vastava, 2017 ). The rapidly expanding area of AI addresses several problems simultaneously. It provides for a means to meet standards of rigor and sophisticated analysis being sought by business schools, while addressing practical problems. It helps focus on business processes which by their very nature are multidisciplinary. This emphasis on business processes is extremely appropriate given that is one of the few areas left allowing for the differentiation necessary to achieve a competitive advantage ( Sircar, 2009 ). The McKinsey Global Institute Report ( Brown, Chui, & Manyika, 2011 ) predicted that the United States alone will face a shortage of 140,000 to 190,000 people, by 2018, with deep analytical skills. Additionally, there will be a shortage of 1.5 million data-savvy Download 402.32 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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