Avvalo birinchi grammatik qoidalarni undan so’ng qiladigan xatolarni ko’rib chiqing bu sizni kelasida qilinadigan har qanday xatolardan saqlab qoladi. Uni tugatib test yechish sirlarini yaxshilab o’rganib chiqing

this morning, this afternoon and today bu sozlar bilan ikkala zamon ham ishlatiladi ammo ozgina manoda farq boladi

• 
  It has been windy this morning. (Tong tugamadi hozir tong)
  
• 
  It was windy this morning.–(Hozir abet yoki kechqurun)
  

Present Perfect Continuous

• 
  Present Perfect Continuous to be fe’lining Present Perfect shakli (have been, has been) va undan keg’in fe’lga ing qo’shilgan shakli orqali yasaymiz
  

		Ega+have/has been+V-ing He has been running- U yugurgan
Positive			Positive Short Form
	I have been walking			I've been walking
	you have been running			you've been running
	he has been cooking			he's been cooking
	she has been swimming			she's been swimming
	it has been raining			it's been raining
	we have been studying			we've been studying
	they have been sleeping			they've been sleeping

• 
  Present Perfect Continuousning bo‘lishsiz shakli birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan (have/has) keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:
  

Ega+have/has + not been+V-ing He has not been running- U yugurmagan

Negative	Negative Short Form
I have not been walking	I haven't been walking
you have not been running	you haven't been running
he has not been cooking	he hasn't been cooking
she has not been swimming	she hasn't been swimming
it has not been raining	it hasn't been raining
we have not been studying	we haven't been studying
they have not been sleeping	they haven't been sleeping

 Present Perfect Continuousning so‘roq shakli birinchi yordamchi fe’lni eganing oldiga o‘tkazish bilan yasaladi:

Have/has+ega+ been+ V-ing? - Has he been running?- U yugurganmi?

have I been walking?

have you been running?

has he been cooking?

has she been swimming?

has it been raining?

have we been studying?

have they been sleeping?

Present Perfect Continuous ishlatilishi

 Present Perfect Continuousni biz o’tgan zamonda boshlanib va hozir ham davom etayotgan ish-harakatlar uchun ishlatamiz. Bu zamon uchun ish-harakatni qanchadan beri davom etib kelyotgani ko’rsatish muxim. Qanchadan beri davom etayotgani for va since orqali ko’rsatamiz.

1. 
   She has been working at that company for three years- U o'sha kompaniyada uch yildan beri ishlaydi.
   
2. 
   They have been talking for 20 minutes – Ular 20 daqiqdan beri suhbatlashishyabdi 3. My uncle has not been smoking for twenty years – Mening amakim yigirma yildan beri chekmaydi.
   

 Izoh: O’tgan zamonda boshlanib hozirgacha davom etib kelyotgan ish-harakatlar ikki hil bo’ladi:
uzluksiz yoki an’anaviy

	Uzliksiz:	ish-harakat o’tgan zamondan to hozirga qadar hech bir uzulishsiz davom etib
	kelayotgan bo’lishi mumkin. Masalan: I have been doing my homework since 5 o’clock

– Men uyga vazifamni soat 5 dan beri bajarayapman (Ish-harakat hozir ham bajarilayapti va u boshlangandan to hozirga qadar bajarilishdan bir daqiqa ham to’xtatilmagan).

• 
  A n’anaviy: oraliq uzulishlar bo’lgan bo’lsa ham, an’anaviy tarzda bajarilib kelinayotgan ish-harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Masalan: My uncle has been smoking for 7 years – Mening amakim 7 yildan beri chekadi (Bu degani, amakim 7 yil davomida chekmagan bo’lgan vaqtlari bor, masalan, u kishi dush qabul qilayotganda, ovqatlanayotganda yoki uxlayotganda sigaret chekmasdi, ammo shunga qaramasdan bu ish-harakat, ya’ni chekish a’nanaviy tarzda hozirga qadar uzluksiz davom etib kelayapti).
  
• 
  O’tgan zamonda bajarib tugatilib, natijasi hozirgi zamonda davom etib turgan ishharakatlar uchun. Bunday ish harakatga vaqtincha davom etib turadigan, ma’lum bir vaqt o’tgandan keyin izsiz yo’qolib ketadigan natijani keltirib chiqargan ish-harakatlar misol bo’la oladi. Buni tushunib olish uchun va’qtincha davom etib turadigan natijalarni tasavvur qilaylik. Ish-harakatning qanday natijasi vaqtincha davom etib turishi mumkin? Quyidagi misollarga e’tibor bering:
  
• 
  He’s out of breath. He has been running – U tez-tez nafas olayapti. U yugurgan (Uning yugurganligi natijasi hozir ko’z o’ngimizda ko’rinib turibdi, ammo bu natija doimiy emas, u bir oz vaqt o’tirib, dam olsa bu natija, ya’ni uning tez-tez nafas olayotganlik holati butkul yo’qolib ketadi).
  
• 
  There’s water on the ground. It has been raining – Yerda suv bor. Yomg’ir yog’ibdi
  

(Yerdagi suv, yomg’ir yog’ib o’tib ketganligining natijasi. Ammo bu doimiy natija emas, balki quyosh chiqib turganda bir oz vaqtdan so’ng yerdagi suv batamom qurib, yo’q bo’lib ketadi).

• 
  There is smoke in the room. Somebody has been smoking – Xonada tutun bor. Kimdir chekibdi (Kimdir allaqachon chekib bo’lgan va bu ish-harakatning natijasi, tutun hozirda davom etib turibdi. Bu vaqtincha natija hisoblanadi, chunki derazalarni ochsak, bir ozdan so’ng tutun xonadan butkul yo’qolib ketadi.
  

Past Simple

He played football yesterday. He played shu o’tgan zamon(past simple). Past simple biz S+V+ed orqali yasaymiz. He play+ ed shu usulda yasaymiz. Fe’lning o’tgan zamoni yasash uchun to’g’ri fe’llarga ed qo’shamiz. Noto’g’ri fe’llar o’z shakliga ega.
Hozir jadvalda to’g’ri va noto’g’ri fe’llarni o’tgan zamon shakllarni ko’rib chiqamiz.

	Fe’lning oddiy shakli(V1)	Fe’lning o’tgan zamon shakli(V2)	Yasalish qoidasi
To’gri fe’llar (regular verb)	work explode like	worked exploded like	To’g’ri fe’llarning hammasni o’tgan zamon shakli oddiy fe’lga + ed qo’shish orqali yasaladi
Noto’g’ri fe’llar (irregular verb)	go see sing	went saw sang	No’to’gri fe’llarning o’z o’tgan zamon shakli bor va siz ularni yodlab olishiz kerak

Darak shakli: Biz Past Simple darak shaklini egadan kegin kelgan fe’lga ed qo’shish noto’g’ri fe’llarning
2chi shaklini ishlatish orqali yasaymiz(V₂₎ = Shohsanam_(ega) worked_(V2)
Inkor shakli: Biz Past Simple inkor shaklini did yordamchi fe’lidan so’ng not inkor yuklamasni qo’yish orqali yasaymiz. Did not dan keyin ke’lgan fe’l oddiy shaklda bo’ladi/ Shohsanam did not(didn’t) work(e’tibor bering did not dan kegin fe’lning oddiy shakli work kelyabdi. Hech qachon inkor shaklida did not dan kegin fe’lning o’tgan zamon shaklini olmang)
Savol shakli: Biz Past Simplening so’roq shaklini did yordamchi fe’lini egadan oldinga chiqarish orqali yasaymiz? = Did Shohsanam work?(bunda ham fe’lning oddiy shakli)
E’tiborli bo’ling hamma ega uchun yordamchi did fe’li bir xil ishlatiladi: (I did, he did, they did) Past Simple hamma shaklarni jadval orqali o’rganib oling