Azizdzhan fazilovich babadjanov

Water-physical properties of soils. The water-physical properties of soils are characterized by such indicators as humidity, maximum molecular moisture capacity, plasticity, specific gravity, bulk density, porosity, swelling, soaking. All these parameters are needed to build a mathematical model. Their evaluation was carried out by laboratory studies of monoliths, selected from each lithological difference, during the excavation of pits.
Volumetric weight and natural moisture are indicators that are determined by direct calculation. Specific gravity values are needed for porosity calculations. The results of determining the maximum molecular water capacity are used to calculate the water loss of sandy rocks. In addition , it gives an idea of the amount of bound water in soils, which must be taken into account when determining the moisture balance in them.

§2.2. Natural and climatic factors contributing to the formation and development of the ameliorative state of irrigated lands

The object of study - the Karshi steppe - is located within the southern part of the vast intermountain Kashkadarya basin and is limited from the north by the Kungurtau mountains, from the south by the Dasht collector; the eastern border runs along the Karshi branch canal, and the western border runs along the Tallikurgan settlement. Administratively, the study area belongs to the Kashkadarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Fig. 2.1). Karshi is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia (its 2700th anniversary was celebrated on October 27, 2006) and is the center of the Kashkadarya region.

Figure. 2.1. Map administrative division
Climate. According to climatic conditions, the described territory belongs to the desert-steppe zone. Climatic information for the city of Karshi is based on the data of the meteorological station located in it. The maximum average monthly air temperature is observed in July-August and is + 29.4 ÷ +30.4 ⁰ С, the minimum air temperature is recorded in December-January and is equal to +1.6 ÷ -6.8 0 ^С (Fig. 2.2).

Figure. 2.2. Average long-term annual variation of air temperature
In the city of Karshi, precipitation is insignificant, mainly in the spring-winter period. Most of them fall in the form of rain, snowfalls are observed relatively rarely, and the snow cover is unstable, usually it lasts for several days. In summer, there is absolutely no precipitation. The average long-term amount of atmospheric precipitation falling on the area of the described region, according to the Karshi meteorological station, is 125–236 mm (Fig. 2.3).

Figure. 2.3. Distribution of atmospheric precipitation over a long period
Relative humidity is directly dependent on the dynamics of precipitation and air temperature. During the year, the average monthly air humidity varies greatly, reaching a maximum in the winter months (January-February, and sometimes in December) - 75-80%, a minimum in the summer (July-August) - 31-43% . The high dryness of the air and temperatures in the summer contributes to the intense evaporation of groundwater.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the climate of the described area belongs to the continental steppe, is characterized by an insignificant amount of precipitation, long hot summers, short but relatively cold winters, and low air humidity.