Bělíková Zuzana The Modal Verb Could and its Equivalents in Translation
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Blkov Zuzana The Modal Verb Could and its Equivalents in
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Features Same for Both Modals and Auxiliaries Quirk at al. (1985, 137) put all criteria into one table and compares them with main verbs: Table 1 Criteria for auxiliary verbs (Quirk et al. 1985, 137) AUXILIARY CRITERIA (OP = operator) AUXILIARY MAIN VERB (a) Op in negation He cannot go. * He hopes not to go. (b) Negative contraction can't * hopen't (c) Op in inversion Can we go? * Hope we to go? (d) Emphatic positive *Yes, I DÓ can come. Yes, I DÓ hope to come. (e) Op in reduced clause I can come if you can. * I hope to come if you hope. (f) Position of adverb We can always go early. We always hope to go early. (g) Postposition of They can all come. ? They hope all to come. Philosophical Faculty, Palacký University Olomouc 17 quantifiers ? They all can come. They all hope to come. (h) Independence of subject Ann can do it. ~ It can be done by Ann. He hopes to do it. *It hopes to be done by him. Huddleston and Pullum (2002, 93), on the other hand, create the acronym NICE for properties of auxiliary verbs – 'Negation', 'Inversion', 'Code' and 'Emphasis': 17) He has not seen it. * He saw not it. [Negation] (Huddleston and Pullum 2002, 93) 18) Has he seen it? * Saw he it? [Inversion] (ibid.) 19) He has seen it and I have too. * He saw it and I saw too. [Code] (ibid.) 20) They don’t think he’s seen it * They don’t think he saw but he has seen it. It but he saw it. [Emphasis] (ibid.) Alexander (1988, 209) also imparts Yes/No questions where the modal verb that is in the question is the same that we put in the answer. The same rule is also when speaking about tag questions. 21) Can you come and see me tomorrow? – Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. (Alexander 1988, 209) 22) You can do it, can’t you? (ibid.) Lewis (1986, 58) adds the usage of auxiliaries when a speaker wants to express that he/she is interested in something that is said. 23) A I’d be very surprised. Download 0.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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