Bělíková Zuzana The Modal Verb Could and its Equivalents in Translation


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Blkov Zuzana The Modal Verb Could and its Equivalents in

 
Could + Have + Past participle 
This structure is the past tense of could that refers to the present or the future. It can 
express the situation that could be fulfilled but it was not (Murphy 1985, 54). It creates 
unrealized past ability (Swan 2005, 99). 
75) I could have married anybody I wanted to.
 
 
 
(Swan 2005, 99) 
76) I could have won the race if I hadn’t fallen.
(ibid) 
 
Dušková (1988, 189-190) adds that could with the past infinitive occurs not only
in negative declarative sentences and interrogative sentences but also in positive 
declarative sentences, which is different from using can with the past infinitive. Could with 
the past infinitive makes both deontic and epistemic modality. It depends on a context. 
Bowen and McCreary (1977) follow: “Could, when it appears in the perfect, communicates 
the idea that the action referred to is contingent upon an explicit or expressed condition.” 
They also deals with the fact that expressions of possibility with could have express one or 
two interpretations (Bowen and McCreary 1977). 
77) It could’ve snowed in the mountains last night.
(Bowen and McCreary 1977) 
78) I could have studied Spanish in New York. 
 
(ibid.) 
The speaker is not sure whether his/her though is right or not in 76. But it is obvious that 
the speaker in 77 is confident with the truth of the utterance.
3.6
 
Could with the Future Reference 
Could can also make the future reference in some kind of a context (Alexander 1988, 215). 


Philosophical Faculty, Palacký University Olomouc 
29 
79) I could be quite cold when you get to Cairo.
 
 
(Alexander 1988, 215) 
 
It can describe suggested possibility (Rochowanská and Tárnyiková 1976, 62). 
80) How can I get in touch with him? 
You could try his home.
(Rochovanská 
and Tárnyiková 1976, 62) 

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