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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Invariance is a central and fruitful idea in mathematical research (e.g.,
structural isomorphisms, characterization by invariants, Klein's Erlanger program, Galois theory, etc.). It has temporarily gained some attention in school mathematics during the wave of mapping-oriented geometry ("Abbildungsgeometrie"), but seems to be too abstract an idea to be helpful for learning mathematics in school. Schreiber (1983) proposes very general ideas such as exhaustion (e.g., successive approximation, mathematical modeling, also real approxima- tion), idealization, abstraction, representation as basic and universal. It is unquestionable that these ideas are universal, but I doubt – and here I rely on modern research on learning – that these ideas are powerful tools and/or have a special explanatory power in the realm of learning mathematics. Other mathematics educators have proposed extracting fundamental ideas more in an inductive and pragmatic way for specific subject matter. Funda- mental ideas are seen as central points in a relational net and/or as powerful tools for mathematical problem-solving or mathematical modeling in a cer- tain field. One distinguishes between: (a) central concepts that refer to mathematics as product, (b) subject specific strategies, and (c) patterns of mathematization, the last two stressing the processual aspect (cf. Tietze, 1979). An idea can be fundamental in more than one sense. As modern transfer research shows, it is not the general heuristic strategies that are powerful in problem-solving, but strategies that are specific to a certain matter. The central concepts of a subject matter depend on the perspective from which one looks at it. If one takes Bourbaki's perspective on linear algebra, then vector space, linear mapping, scalar product, and Steinitz exchange UWE-PETER TIETZE 49 CURRICULA AND GOALS theorem are central. If one looks at it from the angle of "linear algebra and its applications" (e.g., Strang, 1976), then linear equation and Gaussian al- gorithm are fundamental. We shall discuss some subject-specific strategies and patterns of mathematization. The "analogy between algebra and geome- try" (geometrization of algebraic contexts and vice versa) is a powerful tool in coping with mathematical questions. The analogy between geometric theorems such as Pappos, Desargues, cosine law, ray law, and so forth, and the corresponding theorems/axioms in the language of vector spaces are powerful in solving problems and/or gaining an adequate understanding. By interpreting the determinant as oriented volume, many complicated proofs "can be seen." In the latter example, another fundamental idea is involved, the idea of "generalized visual perception," which means translating geo- metric concepts and "carrying names" of the perceptual 3-dimensional space to the abstract n-dimensional space. This idea allows, for example, a normal applicant of complicated statistical procedures, such as factor analysis or linear progression, to get an adequate idea of the tool, its power, and its limits. Fischer analyses fundamental ideas of calculus in an influential work (1976). He particularly stresses the idea of exactifying, which was described in section 3.1. He further accentuates the following ideas in addition to oth- ers: approximation, rate of change, and the potential of a calculus (in a gen- eral sense). 4. APPLICATION-ORIENTED TEACHING TAKING CALCULUS AS AN EXAMPLE By the turn of the century, the question was already in dispute as to what emphasis should be given to application-oriented problems in calculus teaching. This discussion took place against the backdrop of the magnificent technical and industrial development occurring at that time. The opinions ranged from "application means providing an inferior service" to "mathe- matics should only be taught on behalf of its applications." The central idea of the formal education of the traditional and dominant German "Humani- stisches Gymnasium," with its major interest in ancient languages, was an important issue in this discussion. Klein attempted to reconcile the conflict- ing positions in this dispute by pleading for "practical calculus, which limits itself to the simplest relationships and demonstrates these to the students by modeling familiar processes in nature" (1904, p. 43, translated). There is an intensive discussion on teaching applied mathematics and mathematical modeling in Germany today. This must be seen, in part, as a reaction to the extreme structure orientation of the late 1960s and 1970s. One can distinguish three main trends in the argument (cf. Kaiser-Messmer, 1986): (a) an emancipatory trend, (b) a science-oriented trend, and (c) an in- Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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