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Bog'liq
1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien

internalization or interiorization, understood (in contrast to Piaget) as the
transformation of an interpsychological (i.e., between individuals) into an
intrapsychological process (i.e., within individuals). To put it in a few radi-
cal words, the Piagetian approach is based on individual schemes, while the
Vygotskyan approach is based on social relations; for Piaget, the learning
process is determined from inside, for Vygotsky, it is determined from out-
side.
It is no surprise that the Piagetian approach fits in with the Western ten-
dency in psychological research to study human mental functioning as if it
exists in a cultural, institutional, and historical vacuum (Wertsch, 1991, p.
2), even if it would be misleading to ascribe to Piaget the whole responsi-
APPROACHES TO CLASSROOM INTERACTION
124


bility for this trend. In fact, the focus on the individual also fits in with some
underlying ideas: Consider, for instance, the myth of genius, which is pre-
sent in popular books on the history of mathematics (Bell, 1937) as well as
in the professional education of mathematicians (Eisenberg, 1991). These
facts, together with the scarce, late, and biased diffusion of the original pa-
pers of Vygotsky may give an early explanation of the evident hegemony of
the Piagetian approach in Western literature on didactics of mathematics.
Yet, outline presentations of activity theory exist (e.g., Christiansen &
Walther, 1986; Mellin-Olsen, 1987), and quotations from Vygotsky are
more and more frequent in the literature.
I shall not present a detailed comparison of the two approaches, as this
would first require a reconstruction of the conceptual structure of both.
Besides, such critical comparisons already exist from either competing per-
spective (Bauersfeld, 1990; Raeithel, 1990). Rather, I shall describe some
implications for the development of didactical research. More space shall be
devoted to the Vygotskyan perspective, as it is supposed to be less well-
known.
3.2. Implications for Research on Didactics of Mathematics
Because of its focus on the learning subject, the Piagetian approach tends to
neglect the role of cultural tradition represented by the teaching subject.
Artigue (1992) attributes the influence of Piaget on the development of
RDM to the need to contrast the empirical-sensory or behaviorist theory of
learning, to put the student back in the right position. The same reason
could apply to other Western RI projects as well: Being Piagetian was con-
sidered as the way to overcome the behaviorist theory of learning. However,
it was only one of the existing opportunities.
Vygotsky could have offered a different one. For Vygotsky, the process
of learning is not separated from the process of teaching: the Russian word
obuchenie, which is used throughout Vygotsky's work, means literally the
process of transmission and appropriation of knowledge, capacities, abili-
ties, and methods of humanity's knowing activity; it is a bilateral process,
that is realized by both the teacher and the learner (for a discussion by
Mecacci, see Vygotsky, 1990). The social relation between teacher and
learner cannot be avoided, as learning is not a relation between individuals
and knowledge, but is rather the individual's introduction into an existing
culture. The implications for didactical research are very strong, especially
as far as the teacher's role is concerned. The metaphorical space in which to
study the interaction between teacher and learners is the so-called zone of
proximal development. One of the basic processes is semiotic mediation
(Vygotsky, 1978, p. 40), determined when the direct impulse of the learner
to react to a stimulus is inhibited through the intentional teacher's
introduction of a sign. The very effect is that learners, by the aid of extrinsic
stimuli drawn by the teacher, may control their behavior from outside.
MARIA G. BARTOLINI BUSSI
125


Rigid applications seldom give full justice to the richness and complexity
of the original ideas of founders. Piaget (1962) tried to coordinate his ideas
to Vygotsky, while Vygotsky himself was more Piagetian than his followers
(van der Veer & Valsiner, 1991, p. 392). If we look at recent developments,
a greater separation is evident. A recent publication (Garnier, Bednarz, &
Ulanovskaya, 1991) presents a collection of studies on didactical research
(not limited to mathematics) from either Western countries or Russia. The
provocative heading is Après Vygotsky and Piaget. Perspectives sociales et

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