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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Environment module.
11. For the dialogue between student and tutor, there is as little input with the keyboard as possible. Instead, menus and graphic input tools like mouse and graphic tablet are used in the sense of "direct manipulation." This should meet Anderson's requirement of liberating the short-term memory (Anderson, Boyle, Farrell, & Reiser, 1984). 12. For representing problem states and solution, a representation is cho- sen that makes the goal structure explicit (Anderson, Boyle, Farrell, & Reiser, 1984) and supports the planning of the solution (Collins & Brown, 1988). This purpose is served, in particular, by a two-dimensional represen- tation of and/or trees, proof graphs, and algebraic term structures (Burton, 1988). Monitoring by the ITS tutor. 13. The tutor monitors each step the student makes toward a solution. For this, he or she makes use of the expert (see 9). 14. The student may choose from several tutor modes for the tutor's re- sponse to errors. These are distinguished according to the scope they leave to the student in case of an erroneous or unfavorable operator application. Feedback after each false suboperation prevents the student from deviating from a solution path, but does not give the student an opportunity to find the error him or herself. To counter this, feedback is given only after complet- ing work on the problem in order to exclude the risk of aimless error search. It should be noted that for his initial tutors (geometry tutor, Lisp-tutor), Anderson advocated and realized the principle of immediate feedback (Anderson, Boyle, Farrell, & Reiser, 1984). In the later tutors of the Teachers' Apprentice Project (Lewis, Milson, & Anderson, 1987), however, he also accepts other tutorial strategies. 220 Stepped tutor help. 15. At any stage in the problem-solving process, the student may call for help. This is offered by the tutor (using the expert module) in the form of hierarchically graded help. Help begins with general heuristic hints and ends with prescribing the very step toward a solution the expert would have chosen in this situation. Student modeling. 16. While the student works on the problem, a local student model is es- tablished that refers only to the solution of the current problem (errors made, help called for). The local student model serves the feedback (see 14) and the dynamic backup of the global student model (see 18). 17. The diagnostic technique used to establish local student models is that of Model Tracing (Anderson, Boyle, & Yost, 1985; VanLehn, 1988). At each further stage of the problem-solving, the student's (false or correct) op- erator application is compared to the potential application of the expert. Model Tracing is possible, because the student is not allowed to chain op- erators (e.g., entering in the final result in case of a term transformation). 18. The global student model is backed up after each operation performed on the problem by means of the local student model. In a task-oriented ITS, it has the sole function of enabling the tutor to select suitable problems for the student (see VanLehn, 1988, p. 56). This can be achieved by simple bookkeeping of the problems hitherto worked on, and by additionally gen- erating a hypothesis on the degree of its availability for each operator. At the beginning of each training, the global model does not contain any in- formation. Selecting the problems. 19. On the basis of the information provided by the global student model and the most recent local student model, the tutor selects a suitable problem from a prestructured problem collection. It should be noted that "suitable" means that a particular student attains the global educational goal according to his or her own knowledge and skills by working on the smallest number of problems. As yet, there are only few contributions on the general problem of ad- vancement in a prestructured curriculum, and, in particular, on problem se- lection. For Anderson's tutors, the problem is not even mentioned. The worth of selecting problems by the tutor using a global student model may be questioned if the structure of the task sequence is transmitted to the student for selecting an appropriate problem by him or herself. GERHARD HOLLAND 221 6. CONCLUSION Within the larger research field of cognitive science, the new research field Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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