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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
collection of objects, all these misconceptions are predictable. An empty
collection, or a collection containing only one object, are obviously non- sense. We never constitute classes of objects that are absolutely unrelated conceptually (your name, a pair of old shoes, and the imaginary number i). In every practical situation, two identical elements that, nonetheless, have a separate existence (e.g., two dimes) are counted separately. The same object cannot be in two different containers at the same time. Two collections of objects are considered equal if they contain the same number of elements. I do not affirm that students identify, explicitly and consciously, the mathematical concept of set with the notion of a collection of concrete ob- jects. What I affirm is that, while considering the mathematical concept of set, what they have in mind – implicitly but effectively – is the idea of a col- lection of objects with all its connotations. There is no subjective conflict here. The intuitive model manipulates from behind the scenes the meaning, the use, and the properties of the formally established concept. The intuitive model seems to be stronger than the formal concept. The student simply 236 FORMAL, ALGORITHMIC, AND INTUITIVE COMPONENTS from 0. If B > A, you borrow from the next container, but if this container is empty, then you may write 0, or you may borrow from the bottom, or you may skip over the empty container and try a third one. Borrow from bottom 702 instead of zero: -368 454 Borrow across 602 zero: -327 225 forgets the formal properties and tends to keep in mind those imposed by the model. And the explanation seems to be very simple: The properties im- posed by the concrete model constitute a coherent structure, while the for- mal properties appear, at least at first glance, rather as an arbitrary collec- tion. The set of formal properties may be justified as a coherent one only in the realm of a clear, coherent mathematical conception. In my opinion, the influence of such tacit, elementary, intuitive models on the course of mathematical reasoning is much more important than is usu- ally acknowledged. My hypothesis is that this influence is not limited to the preformal stages of intellectual development. My claim is that even after individuals become capable of formal reasoning, elementary intuitive mod- els continue to influence their ways of reasoning. The relationships between the concrete and the formal in the reasoning process are much more com- plex than Piaget supposed. The idea of a tacit influence of intuitive, primi- tive models on a formal reasoning process does not seem to have attracted Piaget's attention. In fact, our information-processing machine is controlled not only by logical structures but, at the same time, by a world of intuitive models acting tacitly and imposing their own constraints. 5.2 The Concept of Limit Moving to a higher level of mathematical reasoning, we may find very beautiful examples of the complexity of the relationship between its formal, algorithmic, and intuitive components. Without understanding these rela- tionships, it would be difficult, in fact, rather impossible, to find the right pedagogical approach. In order to make sure that psychological comments are not mere specula- tion, I consider it to be useful to quote genuine mathematicians. I am refer- ring to "What is mathematics" by Courant and Robbins (1941/1978). I have chosen the concepts of limit and convergence, because they play a central role in mathematical reasoning. At the same time, the interplay be- tween the formal, the algorithmic, and the intuitive aspects is rich in psycho- logical and didactic implications. But let us quote from the text of Courant and Robbins: The definition of the convergence of a sequence to a may be formulated more concisely as follows: The sequence Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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