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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
mathematics and mathematics education. When analyzing symbol
schemata, technologies, and media, the researcher in mathematics education at least implicitly deals with topics of cognitive psychology (cf., e.g., Kaput, this volume). There are some more links to chapters of this book. Whereas this chapter concentrates on the individual's acquisition of mathematics, most of the psychological approaches in chapter 3 on interaction in the classroom in- clude a cognitive and social-psychological perspective. Naturally, many explanations of existing or nonexisting differences between different groups or populations of learners are cognitively founded (see, e.g., Lorenz & Hanna, this volume). Thus many results of the psychology of mathematical thinking are applied in chapter 6 on differential didactics. Last but not least, as Fey stresses in the first paper of chapter 1 on preparing mathematics for the students, curriculum developers have learned a lot in the last three decades from psychological theories of the child's cognitive development. 226 Ephraim Fischbein's contribution on the interaction between the formal, the algorithmics and the intuitive components in a mathematical activity provides a thorough model of mathematical activity, its genesis, growth, concepts, and qualities. Thus Fischbein, who himself incorporates both mathematics and psychology, approaches the cognitive foundation of math- ematical thinking when distinguishing between the formal aspect (e.g., ax- ioms and theorems), the algorithmic aspect, and the intuitive way of math- ematical reasoning. He demonstrates that all three aspects are necessary for mathematical understanding. Though very often intuitions or certain skills may enhance each other, Fischbein reveals that primitive intuitions, Gestalt features, and algorithmic skills may also serve as obstacles and barriers in acquiring new mathematical knowledge. He stresses that these intuitive and primitive models tacitly influence the formal reasoning process, and reveals that Piaget, who was interested in separating stages of cognitive develop- ment, obviously was not attracted by this interplay of qualitatively different knowledge sources within the subject. When starting from different stages of mathematical thinking, Fischbein provides some examples for epistemo- logical obstacles and interferences of different representations or models tied to different Piagetian stages. Fischbein himself applies and refers to a multitude of research methods. Using theoretical analysis, introspection, at- tentive observations, case studies, and experimental research, he illustrates how the interference of the formal, the algorithmic, and the intuitive com- ponents may promote and hinder each other. Gerhard Steiner considers himself as a scholar of Piaget in the second generation. In the first part of his paper From Piaget's constructivism to se- mantic network theory: Applications to mathematics education - a micro- analysis, he critically examines ideas and concepts of the Geneva School that are currently used in cognitive psychology. As we know, concepts like assimilation, accomodation, or schema are taught in many teacher-training programs and may be used actually and potentially for an academic understanding of the child’s mathematical learning. In contrast, the INCR concept, for instance, is currently mentioned only occasionally. While taking a close and inside look at Piagetian modeling, Steiner re- veals that Piaget already anticipated the current "standard differentiation" of conceptual and procedural knowledge in his concepts of schema and sys- tems of schemata. Both processes, accomodation and assimilation, take place in the learning of mathematics. Whereas assimilation is considered mostly as an active adjustment and integration of information into existing schemata, accomodation denotes the change of the individual's cognitive structure when being confronted with information that necessitates an en- larged or revised internal representation. When introducing the Piagetian concepts of "lecture des données" and "mise en relation," Steiner demon- strates how Piaget's theory provides access to an "internalization of connec- tions according to an organizational plan" that has been abstracted from ROLAND W. SCHOLZ 227 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 5 former actions. In the language of modern psychology, Piaget thus – in an- other terminology – was dealing with the formation and change of semantic networks. In order to understand and to model how students organize, modify, and enlarge their mathematical knowledge, Steiner introduces the concept of an Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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