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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
practices and techniques.
Mathematics is a field of aesthetics capable of giving experiences of beauty, joy and excitement to many of those who indulge in it. In this re- spect, mathematics resembles an art form such as sculpture, painting, archi- tecture and music – all of which also have certain content aspects in com- mon with mathematics. The transmission, the dissemination and the furtherance of mathematics as a discipline require mathematics to be learnt by new generations. As the R. Biehler, R. W. Scholz, R. Sträßer, B. Winkelmann (Eds.), Didactics of Mathematics as a Scientific Discipline, 367-378. © 1994 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. learning of mathematics does not take place spontaneously and automati- cally, mathematics needs to be taught. So, mathematics is also a teaching subject in the educational systems of our societies. If we agree that mathematics is constituted as a discipline by its five-fold nature as a pure science, an applied science, a system of instruments, a field of aesthetics and as a teaching subject, we are prepared to undertake an analysis of the social rôle and significance of mathematics as a discipline. 2. THE RÔLES OF MATHEMATICS IN SOCIETY Every society maintains, supports and finances mathematical activity in all the above respects in such a way and to such an extent that it is clear that society attributes prime importance to mathematics. However, there are many other essential sciences, crucial systems of instruments for social practice, marvellous fields of aesthetics and fundamental teaching subjects, each of which are much less favoured by society than is mathematics. Inter- nationally considered, mathematics is apparently rather unique in the posi- tion it occupies in almost every country. How come? The answer seems to be (a) that mathematics, probably more than any other discipline, has all the above-mentioned five properties at the same time; (b) that the most important of these properties is "the unreasonable ef- fectiveness of mathematics" (Wigner, 1960) as an applied science and as a system of instruments for social practice, both of which are very general and pertain to an incredibly broad range of extra-mathematical subjects and practice areas; and (c) that mathematics – due to (b) – is intimately linked to the functioning and development of society at large. So, the social rôle and significance of mathematics as a discipline is not characterized alone by its status as a pure science but is related to the way in which mathematics is activated to deal with matters and issues beyond mathematics itself. Of course, this should not be taken to imply that mathematics in its capacity as a pure science is of no significance to society. Not only is the pure mathe- matics of today often the applied mathematics of tomorrow, but – as is the case with any science – mathematics exerts an impact on mind and culture as well. More specifically (see, e.g., Booss & Krickeberg, 1976; Friedman 1988- 1990; Khoury & Parsons, 1981; Rosen, 1972-1973; Steen, 1978; Wan, 1989), mathematics is connected to the functioning and development of so- ciety in the following ways: 1. As a science applied to, and in, other scientific subjects, mathematics plays an increasingly important part in the formulation and foundation of many scientific disciplines as well as in the methods and techniques they employ. This is true for the entire ranges of the physical, the engineering and the biological sciences, for information science, economics, sociology, linguistics and for dozens of other disciplines as well, although the way in which mathematics is involved in them varies considerably with the disci- 368 MATHEMATICS IN SOCIETY pline (Howson, Kahane, Lauginie, & de Turckheim, 1988, pp. 1-4). These disciplines all have important and well-known social applications and im- plications, and since mathematics is instrumental for their rôles, it inherits an indirect, yet central, significance for society and its functioning. 2. Mathematics is involved more directly in a number of specialized Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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