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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
practice areas (some of which are also supported by separate scientific dis-
ciplines). To mention just a few: prediction, decision-making and control in the social sphere; description and forecasting of phenomena and events in segments of nature, perhaps modified by man and society; utilization and allocation of natural resources, renewable or extinguishable; and design, operation and regulation of industrial and socio-technical systems. Mathematical tools of varying degrees of sophistication are involved in ev- ery one of these sectors of social practice. 3. Thirdly, mathematics is an essential but, ironically enough, often ig- nored element in a broad variety of general, that is, non-specialist, areas of practice in everyday life in society: representation of numbers; elementary business and money transactions; calendars; geographical coordinates; mea- surement of time, space, weight, currency; all sorts of graphical representa- tions and tables; work and art drawings; shapes of objects; codes. All of this penetrates innumerable aspects of modern life. The unproblematic master- ing of these elements for private and social life – the possession of basic numeracy – is a simple necessity in the same way as literacy is. The crux of the linking of mathematics to the functioning and develop- ment of society as indicated in Points 1 to 3 is the application of mathemat- ics to a variety of extra-mathematical areas. This is brought about by math- ematical modelling, that is, the construction and utilization of mathematical models. I shall confine myself to emphasizing two aspects of mathematical models and modelling. First, in contrast to a commonly held assumption, the foundation, place and rôle of mathematical models in extra-mathematical areas vary tremendously with the area and cannot be understood or judged on mathematical grounds alone. This fact underlies the second point: The single most important point related to mathematical modelling is the valida- tion of models. Implying all sorts of scientific, philosophical, technical and practical issues, the validation of models is a matter of abundant complexity and controversy (cf. Booss-Bavnbek, 1991). Many extra-mathematical fields (e.g., weather forecasting, actuary science, insurance practice) are based on mathematical models and modelling to an extent that make model validity the key criterion of quality. 4. Finally, because mathematics is socially important in all the respects outlined in Points 1 to 3, individuals' acquisition of mathematical qualifica- tions constitutes a marked feature of society. All experience shows that the obtaining and maintenance of mathematical qualifications is far from being a straightforward and unproblematic affair. In fact, mathematical qualifica- tions at appropriate levels and in sufficient amounts form a scarce resource MOGENS NISS 369 MATHEMATICS IN SOCIETY in most places in the world. Therefore, the presence, distribution and foster- ing of this resource in the population is itself a matter of social significance and consequence. Not only do societies invest efforts and resources in es- tablishing systems to generate mathematical competence in their citizens. (Differences in qualification levels across countries are a dynamic factor that generates development – or the opposite.) The material, cultural, social and job conditions of an individual are strongly influenced by the level of mathematical competence possessed by that individual (see, e.g., Damerow, Dunkley, Nebres, & Werry, 1984; Department of Education and Science, 1982: The Cockcroft Report; Keitel, Damerow, Bishop, & Gerdes, 1989; Morris, 1981), as is the status and prestige he or she enjoys. Thus, a country's mathematical qualification structure has an impact on the whole of society as well as on each of those who live and work in it. What we have seen above is that mathematics has a crucial rôle in provid- ing a basis for the functioning and development of society. This is true both from a technological and from a sociological perspective. Concerning tech- nology, we should include not only material technology (i.e., physical ob- jects and systems) but also what we may call immaterial technology and Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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