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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
mathemacy or mathematical culture, and constitutes another kind of justifi-
cation of mathematics education. It seems to be a tendency in many countries for mathematics educators, while agreeing with society on the importance of fostering mathematical expertise for the handling of extra-mathematical matters of socioeconomic significance, to place much more emphasis on the fostering of mathematical competence for private and social citizenship. Often we will encounter re- search mathematicians who focus on the educational requirements needed for the development of mathematics as a (pure) science, viewed as an ele- ment of human culture and belonging to the great accomplishments of mankind. In contradistinction, many professionals in the arts, humanities and non-mathematical social sciences (e.g., general educationalists) tend to think that society's legitimate interest in generating mathematical expertise should not lead us to infer that a substantial mathematics education of major segments of the population would be justified beyond the limit of functional numeracy. (This may be considered as an instance of the gap between "the two cultures," the scientific and the humanistic culture, identified by C. P. Snow already in 1959 but in vivid existence still today, although in new forms.) The latter point of view is intimately connected with a certain position on the possibility problem. It is a widely held assumption in many quarters of society that not everybody can learn mathematics, or to be more precise: Perhaps it is possible to educate any normal person in mathematics, but the costs in terms of resources, time, effort and mental commitment and pain it takes to do so exceed what we ought to pay. The political and administrative authorities in a country not infrequently agree with people in the humanistic culture on this conclusion, but disagree as far as the premises are concerned, in that society thinks of the money and resource costs, whereas the humanists have the human costs of effort, commitment, and even suffering in mind. Some research mathematicians would agree that only relatively few individuals can really learn mathematics, and that it is a waste of costly and scarce resources to insist on bringing mathematics education to less able students, most of whom would rather prefer to be without it. MOGENS NISS 375 MATHEMATICS IN SOCIETY 5. MATHEMATICS EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY So far, I have attempted a neutral analysis of the overall position of mathe- matics education in society. Time has now come to look at mathematics ed- ucation from a critical, and hence a normative, perspective. The considera- tions that follow are based on the assumption that no society is one of stable harmony, consensus and uniformity of interests. Differences and conflicts in life situations and conditions, in values and interests, exist at a multitude of levels and in many different forms. The most fundamental (potential) con- flict is probably the one between the ruling segments of society, that is, the groups in economic, political, administrative and ideological power, and the individual citizen. This conflict is present irrespective of political system and is not so much to do with the individuals in or out of power, but rather with the asymmetry in the relationship between the rulers and those being ruled, no matter the basis on which the rulers have been recruited. This pertains to mathematics education as provided by the educational system of society, simply because that system is under social rule (cf. Niss, 1981). So, there is likely to be a lack of harmony between what society thinks and wants as expressed by its representatives and authorities put in charge of mathematics education, what mathematics teachers, mathematici- ans, mathematics educators and users of mathematics, respectively, think and want, and what corporations, employers, parents and – last but defi- nitely not least – students think and want. We can now ask this question: Should the task to be solved by mathemat- ics education for the population at large be confined to generating mathe- matical expertise and the numeracy needed for everyday private and social life? My answer is "no," for the following reasons. In previous sections, we have seen that mathematics is instrumental in the shaping of society. Combined with the fact that mathematical competence is a much-demanded resource, which is scarce because it is difficult and de- manding for the individual to acquire, this contributes to the creation of ex- Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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