British Society Британское общество ж national Entity and Differences
§ 4. T h e E c o n o m y of S c o t l a n d
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British Society Британское общество by Болдак И А , Валько О В z
§ 4. T h e E c o n o m y of S c o t l a n d
; 1. What changes has the ; Cotton, iron, steel and coal used to be : economy of Scotland un- : Scotland's chief industries. During the past • dergone? • half-century the Scots have seen the giants • of their economy, particularly the shipbuilding industry on the river Clyde, disappear. In 1913 Clyde shipbuilding employed 60.000 men. Today the industry barely exists. The closure of Scottish ship- yards, coal mines and steel mills, and the consequent high levels of unem- ployment in Scotland, are in the popular view, closely associated with Lon- don government. The economies of Scotland and England have become increasingly interdependent. By 1979 only 40 per cent of Scots in Manufacturing were working for Scottish controlled companies. The rest were working for Eng- lish, American, Japanese or other foreign-owned enterprises. In 1982 the Monopolies and Mergers Commission reported, 'We believe that an impor- tant factor in Scotland's economic difficulties has been the progressive loss of morale which the taking over of large companies has caused, and we accept that this is damaging to Scotland.' In the years 1979-81 alone, there yvas a fall of 11 per cent in Scottish industrial production, and a 20 per cent drop in manufacturing jobs. The Ravenscraig Steel Strip Mill, built in 1963, yvas the last major capital deve- lopment undertaken by private enterprise in Scotland. Although financially uneconomic, it was one of the most efficient steel mills m Europe. Even after its neighbouring steel plant, Gartcosh, closed in 1986, Ravenscraig re- mained open. It became symbolic of the government's residual commitment 34 to industry in Scotland. In 1990 British.Steel admitted it intended closing down the whole Ravenscraig complex, yvith a loss of at least 11,000 jobs, before 1995. In fact it did so in 1992. This, and the insensitive way in which the government introduced the poll tax into Scotland a year before England and Wales, is likely to damage Conservative Party interests in Scotland se- verely for several years to come. Since 1981 the Scottish Development Agency's 'Locate in Scotland' campaign has someyvhat offset the deteriorating economic situation. A third of the 300 foreign firms witii Scottish bases in 1988 had set up vrithin the previous seven years, while 14,500 of the 64,000 jobs provided by foreign companies were created between 1981 and 1987. The Highlands, the greater part of the land area of Scotland, have become largely 7 deserted. By the 1960s there were fewer than 300,000 peo- ple living in this large area. In the words of a retired forestry expert and Highlander, John McEwen, 'Most of the land is held for sport, so the less developed and the less populated it is the better, and it suits absentee land- lordism admirably.' Since the 1960s the population ofthe Highlands has slowly- grown, to 340,000 by 1990, with encouragement from the Scottish Develop- ment Board. ; 2. What spheres of indus- ; However, North Sea oil and gas provid- : try bring profit to Scot- : ed increasing work for the engineering and • land? chemical industries. Scotland has also deve- loped a large electronics industry. The British government is try ing to bring back life to the Highlands. One or two of the island communities now have modem fishing fleets. New 7 industries and towns are groy\ing up on the coast around Invergordon. Forests are being planted in the bare hills and saw mills and paper mills now stand on the edge of some of the lochs. New hotels and roads are also being built, for the Highlands is one of the loveliest and least spoiled parts of Europe, in spite of the oil boom. Tourism is one of Scotland's most important industries. Tourists from all over the yvorld come to enjoy the beauty of Scottish scenery - to walk among Scottish heather, to visit ancient, historic castles, to eat Scottish salm- on and to drink Scotch whisky. They also come to see Scotsmen in kilts playing bagpipes, although only a few- Scots wear kilts these days. The kilt is the national costume and every kilt has a squared coloured pattern, known as a tartan. The tartan means a great deal to a Scot, especially 7 to a High- lander, for every Highland clan (Gaelic for tribe or family) has its own spe- cial tartan, of which it is jealously proud. • „ „ • Some Scots, however, believe that no 3; What is necessary tor . , • , , „ , , c , . R A real revival is possible without land retorm. ; a real revival ot Scot- ; . . . , f e , .. . . ,, „ . to put the land to use tor those who live there, l a n d s economy/ . r , . , , . McEwen tound that no official land register had been made in Scotland since the nine- teenth century. In 1977, at the age of ninety and after much deliberate obstruction by landowners, he finally published his own research which showed that of Scotland's 19 million acres only 2.5 million acres belonged to the state, only 4.5 million acres was in private estates of 1,000 acres or less, but that two- thirds of all Scotland, 12 million acres, was in private estates of over 1,000 acres in size. Scots have good reason to claim that too much economic power is held bv people who do not live in Scotland. Download 446.71 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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