Carbon reclamation from biogas plant flue gas for immobilizing lead and neutralizing alkalis in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
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2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials and reagents MSWI-FA used for this study was collected from Liming MSW incineration plant of Shanghai, China, whose main component was derived from bag filter during the operation of mechanical grate furnace. The raw MSWI-FA samples presented in the form of gray grain, which was sampled three times during a day and mixed evenly, then stored in a closed and dry environment. Before the following test, MSWI- FA was dried for 48 h at a 70 ◦ C oven until a constant weight was obtained. Two types of CA, including inorganic and organic sulfur CA, were selected in this experiment, namely LM-CA and TJ-CA. Both of them were currently applied to the MSW incineration plant. Besides, the mixture of LM-CA and TJ-CA was used as the third type of CA. 2.2. Gas source and accelerated carbonation process The experimental gas was collected from the discharge outlet of a biogas plant in Liming MSW incineration plant, whose chemical char- acteristics are shown in Table S1 . It was measured that the temperature and velocity of flue gas varied among 120–130 ◦ C and 9–13 m/s, respectively. The entire reaction system ( Fig. 1 ) was modified on the basis of the original outlet pipe. Specifically, a valve (number 4) was set in order to push the gas into branch pipe, further into the reaction chamber (number 2), in which the used CA and raw FA were mixed beforehand. Then, the agitator arm was driven by electrical machinery (number 3) to achieve the reaction of FA, CA and flue gas. In order to prevent the accompanying leakage of FA samples, the relative location of branch pipe of outlet was higher than that of inlet. After the carbonation pro- cess, the utilized gas gathered in the outlet (number 6), then was treated routinely. The carbonated FA samples were transferred to the storage tank (number 7) by means of a transfer shaft (number 5), for the purpose of sampling and characters measuring. All the other process parameters were listed as follows: liquid–solid mass ratio = 1:3, dosing proportion of LM-CA, TJ-CA and mixture = 4% (by mass ratio), 2% and 4% LM-CA + 1% TJ-CA, carbonation time = 0–4.5 h, stirring speed of the agitator arm = 40–50 rpm. 2.3. Carbonation calculations 2.3.1. Carbonation conversion The conversion of FA before and after the carbonation could be calculated based on sample weight loss between 630 ◦ C and 730 ◦ C, which was determined by a thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry. This was due to the decomposition from calcium carbonate to calcium oxide under that temperature range. The calculations are shown in Eq. (1–2) [32] . δ CO 2 = Δm CO 2 /( m 105 ◦ C − Δm CO 2 ) (1) δ CaO = ( δ CO 2 × 56)/(44 × CaO raw ) (2) where δ CO 2 is the rate of CO 2 uptake (wt.%); Δm CO 2 is the weight loss between 630 ◦ C and 730 ◦ C (g); m 105 ◦ C is the FA weight at 105 ◦ C (g);δ CaO is the value of carbonation conversion (wt.%); 56 and 44 were respec- tively ascribed to the molecular weights of calcium oxide (CaO) and CO 2 (g/mole); CaO raw is the weight proportion of CaO in the raw FA (g/g). Download 2.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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