Carbon reclamation from biogas plant flue gas for immobilizing lead and neutralizing alkalis in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
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Fig. 2. Pb Stabilization effect before and after the carbonation. (a) Pb leaching variations with different CA before and after 4.5 h carbonation; (b) Pb leaching
variations with different CA and carbonation time. Fig. 3. Pb speciation distribution of mixture treated group with increasing carbonation time. Fig. 4. Pb leaching toxicity based on pH under four carbonation time. Z. Zhu et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 435 (2022) 134812 5 boundary layer via accelerated carbonation [38] , which could adhere to the surface of chelated particles and inhibit the dissociation reaction [27] . With increasing carbonation time to 3 h, the variation of leaching concentration was not significant, indicating that the CO 2 fixation would no longer happen. The above proved the stability of Pb chelates from agent treatment would be reinforced by flue gas carbonation. 3.2. Acid neutralization and leaching corrosion behavior 3.2.1. Effects of carbonation on the variation of ANC The ANC curves in Fig. 6 a were applied to describe the buffering capacity of FA before and after carbonation. Attributed to the enormous abundance of alkaline substances, the leaching pH of uncarbonated group stabilized at 11.36–11.93 till acid addition reached 2 meq/g, typical of calcium hydroxide species, showing a stronger acid buffering capacity than other two groups [39] . Then, the buffering system was damaged with increasing acid addition, and the total ANC was about 3 meq/g. For 1 h and 4.5 h carbonation groups, a pH drop to approxi- mately 6.4 would be caused by the acid addition of 2 or 1 meq/g. Then, a plateau typical of the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer was observed [39] , of which a broader addition range was ascribed to the 4.5 h carbonation group. Therefore, the acid buffering properties of uncarbonated and carbonated group were respectively embodied in alkaline and neutral conditions. 3.2.2. Effects of carbonation on the variation of alkaline corrosion The alkali neutralization effect from the flue gas carbonation on FA samples was determined in this section ( Fig. 6 b). Three stages would be divided for the variations of leachate pH. The curve plateaued in the first stage (stage I, 0–1 h) with a strongly basic pH of 11.92–12.03. A sharp drop occurred in stage II (1–3 h) with a final pH of 9.16, almost satis- fying the landfill standard. Then, the leachate pH presented a slow drop to 8.80 in the last stage (stage III, 3–4.5 h). All above indicate the importance of carbonation time in alkalinity alleviation. The complete neutralization effect was hardly achieved overnight, due to the massive basicity capacity in MSWI-FA. Despite the rapid formability of CaCO 3 boundary layer, the internal alkaline substances remain releasable during the extraction process. After 3 h, the carbonation process turned into the diffusion stage with a step-down rate, due to the vast con- sumption of alkalis and accessibility limitation from CaCO 3 layer [40] . In brief, the standardized pH leaching of MSWI-FA would be established with more than 3 h carbonation. 3.3. Characterization of raw and carbonated FA 3.3.1. Particle size analysis The results of particle size distribution in FA before and after carbonation are shown in Fig. 7 a. The mixture treated FA was selected as the research object in Section 3.3 . Almost all particle sizes in uncarbo- nated FA were assigned to the range of 10–100 µm. The decrease of volume proportion in small particles (0–30 µm) was evident after carbonation, while the proportion in large particles (>30 µm) increased. This confirmed the carbonation an efficient agglomeration effect on FA. Compared to 4.5 h group, the similar variation curve repeatedly revealed the completeness of carbonation with 3 h. The maximal volume percent that over 100 µm was attributed to 1 h group, proving a non- linear positive correlation between carbonation time and particle size. Previous study suggested that the contents and leaching toxicity of Pb in MSWI-FA were reduced as particle size increased [41–42] . These results revealed that the immobilization effect from carbonation would be Download 2.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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