Carbon reclamation from biogas plant flue gas for immobilizing lead and neutralizing alkalis in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
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Fig. 7. Characterization interpretation about carbonation effect on FA. (a) Particle size distribution of FA samples carbonated with 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, and 4.5 h; (b) XRD
images of FA samples carbonated with 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, and 4.5 h; (c) TG curves for FA samples carbonated with 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, and 4.5 h. Z. Zhu et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 435 (2022) 134812 7 detected in XRD peaks, ascribed to two reasons, that are the overlap with other substances because of low crystallinity and the transformation into other crystalline phases [27] . Another noteworthy phenomenon appeared at 2θ = 11.7 ◦ and 20.8 ◦ , corresponding to the phase of CaSO 4 .The characteristic peaks about CaSO 4 still existed within 1 h carbonation, but there is no CaSO 4 peak to be found after 3 h carbonation, which was attributed to the conversion from CaSO 4 to CaCO 3 based on the solubility product constant (Ksp). The Ksp of CaCO 3 (2.8 × 10 -9 ) is smaller than that of CaSO 4 (9.1 × 10 -6 ), pushing the reaction (R5) to the right. As shown in Fig. 7 b, Pb crystalline material was hardly identified in all patterns. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the low content of Pb chelates or precipitates hindered detection by XRD [47] . Secondly, Pb element would be easily adsorbed and captured into CaCO 3 phase, which was classified as amorphous phases and was not detected by XRD. 3.3.3. XRF analysis The chemical composition of FA samples before and after carbon- ation are shown in Tables 1 and 2 . Both samples had the approximate element type and content, among which Ca and Cl were two main ele- ments, and the mass ratio of K, Na, and Si was also remarkable, in keeping with the idea in previous literature [48] . The relatively high contents of K, Na, and Cl would exert a stimulative effect on carbonation performance of CaO-based sorbents like uncarbonated FA [49] . The content of Ca significantly increased, mainly due to the presence of lime in flue gas. The decrease of Na was consistent with previous study [37] . CaO, Na 2 O, SO 3 , and K 2 O dominated the oxide species between two FA, and those contents decreased after the carbonation because of the transformation into self-carbonates. 3.3.4. Thermal analysis Thermal properties of FA samples before and after carbonation are presented in Fig. 7 c. Four stages of weight loss were detected in TGA curves. The first step of dehydration occurred during heating of FA samples to 150 ◦ C with a mass reduction of 0.9%–4.1%. The second step from 370 ◦ C to 500 ◦ C was assigned to the decomposition of CaClOH and Ca(OH) 2 , with a mass loss of 4.6% for 0 h carbonation group [43] . By contrast, the loss proportion decreased to 0.7%–1.5% for the other four groups, due to the carbonate transformation via injecting flue gas. Combined with the results in Section 3.3.2 , Ca(OH) 2 was regarded as the main CO 2 capturer at 0.5 h and 1 h carbonation. Another drop was found in the range of 630 ◦ C–730 ◦ C, linked to the decomposition of CaCO 3 [32] . This corresponded to a weight reduction of 9.5% for uncarbonated group and further increased to 20.7%, 20.8%, 21.4%, and 22.2% for 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, and 4.5 h carbonation groups, respectively. There is almost no difference in this mass loss among four groups, different from the conclusion in Section 3.3.2 . According to Sections 3.1 and 3.2 , Pb leaching property nearly minimized at 3 h, indicating the asynchronism between CaCO 3 complete formation and its immobilization effect on Pb. The last drop stage was discovered above 850 ◦ C, which was associated with the evaporation of metal salts, such as NaCl and KCl. The mass loss of five groups varied from 21.5% to 23.4%, revealing the carbonation process a negligible sequestration towards soluble chloride salts [26] . 3.3.5. Morphology analysis Microcosmic morphology spectra of FA samples before and after carbonation are revealed in Fig. 8 . 20 µm and 2 µm were chosen as the low and high magnification of images for further descriptions of FA structure. From Fig. 8 a, the uncarbonated FA particle showed an aggregates-like morphology with rough and loose surface, and con- tained dense micropores. Based on Fig. 8 d, a sheet structure was observed after local and high magnification, assigned to the presence of CaClOH and Ca(OH) 2 [27,50] . After 1 h carbonation, an irregular dough-like structure was formed with less pores in the surface, due to the production of calcite and its adhesive effect among FA particles. This characteristic structure posed a blocking effect on pores both inside and outside, which was beneficial to inhibit the Pb leaching [51] . After local magnification ( Fig. 8 e), a handful of irregular point or prismatic crystals were produced in the surface, accorded with the pattern of CaCO 3 [52] . Further increasing the retention time to 4.5 h, the pattern of particle matrix became more three-dimensional ( Fig. 8 c), and the particle surface was covered in abundant CaCO 3 crystals ( Fig. 8 f). 3.4. Mechanism involved in the carbonation process According to the above analysis, the mechanisms of carbonation process on Pb immobilization could be summarized as follows: (i) Sol- ubility minimization due to pH decrease. The carbonation process posed an alleviation role to the character of strong basicity in FA, reducing the dissolution possibility of Pb compounds. The final leachate pH of 8.80 laid within the range that minimized the Pb leaching toxicity ( Section 3.1.3 ). (ii) Formation and precipitation of Pb carbonates. Because of the contact between steam and alkaline oxides, hydroxyl ion was enriched in the slurry system, promoting the ionization of carbonic acid and bi- carbonate. The continuous pH reduction with carbonation contributed to the release of lead ion and conversion into Pb carbonates. (iii) Pro- tection from CaCO 3 boundary layer. There are two protective effects for this. Firstly, the formation of CaCO 3 layer has lowered the porosity of FA and incremented its particle size. Secondly, long carbonation time has reinforced the adsorption between CaCO 3 and Pb compounds, as well as the coprecipitation into newly formed minerals [55,55] . 3.5. Carbonation conversion and economic analysis 3.5.1. Carbonation conversion analysis Based on the data from XRF and thermal analysis, the carbonation conversion of FA samples with different carbonation time is presented in Table 3 . The results indicated that the major carbonation conversion was accomplished within 0.5 h, in agreement with the idea of Arickx et al. [56]. This was due to the property of high alkalinity in raw FA sample, contributing to the contact with CO 2 and formation of carbanion. A visible downtrend of carbonation rate was observed after 0.5 h. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the hydrogen ion concentration in the slurry continuously increased as the carbonation progress, which inhibited the ionization of carbonic acid and bicarbonate. Secondly, the decrease of reactant content lowered the reaction rate. Compared to the uncarbonated group, 0.13 g CO 2 was captured by per g of FA after 4.5 h carbonation ( Table 3 ), slightly above that with 0.5 h carbonation based on the previous conclusion [32] . According to the statistics from Liming MSW incineration plant, the annual output of MSWI-FA reached approximately 14 thousand tons in 2020. That was calculated that 1.82 thousand tons CO 2 emission per year could be reduced via MSWI-FA carbonation, accounting for 0.9% of total CO 2 emission in this plant. These results conformed to the goal raised Download 2.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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