Carbon reclamation from biogas plant flue gas for immobilizing lead and neutralizing alkalis in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
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1-s2.0-S1385894722003199-main
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of accelerated carbonation process.
Z. Zhu et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 435 (2022) 134812 3 2.3.2. Theoretical CO 2 capture capacity The theoretical amounts of CO 2 captured in the FA samples could be calculated as Eq. (3) [32] . CO 2captured = 44 56 ( CaO− 56 100 × CaCO 3 − 56 80 × SO 3 (3) where CO 2captured is the theoretical CO 2 capture amount (gCO 2 /g); CaO, CaCO 3 and SO 3 are the weight proportion of CaO, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ) in the FA samples. 2.4. Heavy metal Pb analysis 2.4.1. Pb leaching test The treated FA samples were hermetically incubated for 30 min at 25 ◦ C and dried for 24 h. Then, the leaching toxicity of Pb was measured according to Sulfuric acid & nitric acid method (HJ/T 299–2007) [33] , then the leaching solution was digested by hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) (volume ratio = 3:1) and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES 720 ES). 2.4.2. Pb speciation analysis A five-step sequential extraction method was conducted to study the existence speciation of Pb before and after the carbonation [34] . The concrete Pb species, reagents and operating methods are shown in Table S2 . 2.4.3. pH based leaching analysis The pH based leaching experiment of Pb was conducted according to the modified Horizontal vibration method [35] . 3 g FA samples and 30 mL distilled water were added into a centrifuge tube with a working volume of 50 mL, then different dosage of HNO 3 (10 M) was added for the adjustment of pH (1.44–11.93). The tube was fixed on an oscillator for the vibration of 24 h at a speed of 30 ± 3 rpm and temperature of 25 ◦ C. The Pb in the leaching solution was measured by ICP-OES 720 ES after digestion (in accord with Section 2.4.1 ). 2.4.4. Curing based leaching analysis FA was sampled and placed in 1 L polytetrafluoroethylene bottles. The bottles were sealed with aluminized paper and rubber band, putting in a 25 ◦ C condition for 50 d. Each curing sample was taken every 5 days, whose Pb leaching was measured according to Section 2.4.1 . 2.4.5. Acid neutralization capacity analysis The buffering capacity of FA samples could be evaluated according to acid neutralization capacity (ANC), by contacting dry samples with acid- base solutions (L/S = 10 cm 3 /g) composed of different dosages of HNO 3 (2 M) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (1 M). Then, the pH value of leaching solution could be determined by laboratory pH meter (JENCO, 6010 M) after a vibrating at 30 ± 3 rpm for 48 h and the buffer curve was obtained. 2.4.6. Alkaline corrosion analysis The alkaline corrosion property of FA sample (solution pH) was measured according to the standard of GB/T 15555.12-1995 [36] . 10 g dry FA samples were ground into powder, and mixed with 100 mL distilled water in a 200 mL polytetrafluoroethylene bottle. Then, the bottle was fixed on an oscillator for a 25 ◦ C and 30 ± 3 rpm vibration about 8 h and a standing about 16 h. And the pH in the supernatant was measured in accord with Section 2.4.5 . 2.5. Characterization Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) (Nicolet 5700 FT-IR Spectrometer) was used to qualify the chemical bonds of FA samples before and after carbonation, whose wave numbers varied from 500 cm − 1 to 4000 cm − 1 at a resolution of 4 cm − 1 . The mineral phase of FA sample was determined by X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D8 Advance) with Cu K α radiation at 40 kV and 40 mA, whose scanned area ranged from 10 ◦ to 90 ◦ . The microscopic morphology of FA sample was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; Hitachi, SU8010) with an acceler- ating voltage of 5000 V and working distance of 10–10.2 mm. The Download 2.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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