Carbon reclamation from biogas plant flue gas for immobilizing lead and neutralizing alkalis in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
particle size distribution was measured using a Laser Diffraction Particle
Download 2.53 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
1-s2.0-S1385894722003199-main
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 3. Results and discussion
particle size distribution was measured using a Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer (Mastersizer 3000). Thermal analysis (TGA-DTG) was achieved on a thermal analysis system (Q600 SDT; TA Instruments, USA) in the temperature range of 50–1000 ◦ C at a heating rate of 10 ◦ C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere. The elemental composition of FA sample was analyzed by an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF-1700, SHI- MADZU, Japan). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Pb leaching behavior 3.1.1. Effects of carbonation on the Pb release This section aims at exploring whether carbonation process was effective to Pb immobilization with different CA pretreatment, and the results are shown in Fig. 2 . Compared to the raw FA (leaching concen- tration 8.34 mg/L), the CA treated groups effectively reduce the Pb leaching, especially in the mixture group, mostly due to the adsorption, precipitation and complexation effects between Pb and CA [11] . How- ever, high dosage and cost for direct agent stabilization to meet the standard are disappointed. After the 4.5 h carbonation process, the immobilized rates of 58.99%, 62.26%, 70.02% and 95.66% were assigned to group untreated, LM-CA treated, TJ-CA treated and mixture treated respectively. For the mixture treated group, the leaching con- centration of Pb decreased from 2.28 mg/L to below the limited value (1.2 mg/L) at 2 h, revealing the mixture treated group would be the most cost-efficient compared to other single agent treated groups. The effects of carbonation time on Pb leaching are shown in Fig. 2 b. Results indicated that Pb leaching showed a negative correlation with the carbonation time. It’s obvious that the concentration slowly decreased within 2 h, then the reaction entered into a phase of fast immobilization till 3 h. After that, the immobilized rate tended to be slow-growing, showed that the Pb stabilization had almost peaked. Thus, 3 h was selected as the optimal carbonation time for all groups. Moreover, the carbonation effect of organic CA group was superior to that of inorganic group, possibly ascribed to the overlap of precipitation between inorganic CA and carbonation while the mutual promotion between carbonation and complexation towards organic CA. 3.1.2. Effects of carbonation on the Pb speciation The objects of this and following contents in Section 3.1 were selected as the FA samples treated by the mixture of LM-CA and TJ-CA, and the results are shown in Fig. 3 . Without the carbonation process, the chemical speciation of Pb in sequence from high to low was F5 (as shown in Table S2 , 59.14%), F2 (20.58%), F3 (8.24%), F4 (7.00%) and F1 (5.04%). After the carbonation, the proportion of unstable state (F1) presented a downtrend and that of F2 increased by 4.3%–31.2%, different from the explanation that F2 decreased with benefit for the oxidizable fraction [28] . The changes of F5 and F4 were hardly detected, while F3 decreased from 8.2% to 7.0% on average. The above results were consistent with Tian et al. [25] . The content of F1 was completely removed and that of F2 was maximized at 3 h carbonation, corre- sponding to the end of fast immobilization. This confirmed the close association between leaching reduction of Pb and its unstable speciation content. 3.1.3. Effects of carbonation on pH correlation-leaching of Pb The section was designed to explore the stability of carbonation on Pb while varying leaching pH ( Fig. 4 ). Four gradients of carbonation Z. Zhu et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 435 (2022) 134812 4 time were involved for the immobilization comparison of Pb. An asymmetric V-shaped leaching curve of Pb was visible between 0 h and 1 h carbonation group, meanwhile, the curves of carbonation 3 h and 4.5 h followed a slant L-shaped dependency on leachate pH [26] . Under the strongly acidic condition (pH = 1.44–2.02), Pb largely released with little concentration difference among four groups. This was because that the carbonation only incremented the F2 speciation of Pb, which showed poor resistance to acid corrosion. When the leachate pH turned into faintly acid (pH = 4.00–4.55), the leaching gap with various carbonation time was obvious, confirming a significant role of carbonation under this condition. It should be noted that there is little difference between 3 h and 4.5 h carbonation, indi- cated that the carbonation effect was maximized at 3 h. Under the neutral and weak alkaline condition (pH = 6.09–9.96), a standardized leaching of Pb was realized with all groups, except for the uncarbonated. In addition to carbonation reinforcement, another reason was that the residual Pb 2+ would be preferentially converted into oxides during the process of decreasing acidity, either combined with aluminum (Al) in the form of mineral salts (Pb(OH) 2 ⋅ Al(OH) 3 ⋅ 2AlPO 4 ⋅ H 2 O). Both of these processes improved the stability of Pb [18] . Without the addition of acid, abundant alkaline substances in FA creating a strongly alkaline envi- ronment and the recovery of Pb leaching occurred, due to the dissolution of Pb precipitates and discharge of HPbO 2 - [8] . All above indicated the vital role of carbonation in Pb immobilization, in particular for envi- ronment other than strong acidity. 3.1.4. Effects of carbonation on curing correlation-leaching of Pb The curing process of MSWI-FA is essential before the landfill treatment, which aimed at determining whether the secondary leaching of heavy metals would occur. This section was designed to obtain the curing effects under three carbonation time (0 h, 1 h, and 3 h) ( Fig. 5 ). In consideration of immobilization from natural carbonation, Pb is sup- posed to be leaching-limited over time. However, the leaching recovery of Pb was found in the uncarbonated group within 25 d. This was likely due to the presence of coordination atom-sulfur (S) in TJ-CA and its continuous degradation because of natural weathering and ultraviolet radiation [37] . When curing time exceeded 25 d, a turning point in Pb leachability was detected, indicating the increasing dominance of nat- ural carbonation. For 1 h carbonation group, the leaching concentration of Pb pre- sented a downtrend to 0.63 mg/L within 25 d, and hardly changed since then. The difference would be attributed to the generation of CaCO 3 Download 2.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling