Ч а с т ь I v молодой ученый

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“Young Scientist” .  # 27 (422) .  July 2022
Philology, linguistics
works, the presupposition was given a linguistic assessment, 
and such definitions as «the general cognitive basis of the 
speaker, their preliminary consistency», «the common cogni-
tive element of the speaker and the listener, or a necessary con-
dition for successful speech communication», «a set of knowl-
edge important for understanding the addressee’s speech», 
«the ratio between the speaker and the proportionality of this 
statement in the context» are given in the scientific literature.
It is characteristic that this phenomenon leads to a compli-
cation of the semantic structure of the sentence and the re-
integration of the hidden content. After all, in the process of 
communication, the speaker does not always fully express the 
thought in order to achieve speech expressiveness or formality. 
As a result, there is a contradiction and a formal and substan-
tive discrepancy in relation to the sound directly expressed in 
the sentence. For example, in the sentence «only Henry came 
to the lesson» the presupposition — «other students did not 
come» or «the rest did not come» is expressed by «only». How-
ever, linguists believe that «presupposition semantically com-
plicates the text.
Presupposition triggers, which have caused a lot of con-
troversy in English, have been specially studied by Keenan 
(1971), Karttunen (1983), Levinson (1983), Yule (1996) and 
others. Consequently, while 31 presuppositional signals are 
defined in the Karttnunen’s classification, Keenan identi-
fies 9 items called «logical presuppositions». Based on Kart-
tunen’s work, Levinson also offers his 13 different external 
presupposition signals, including definite descriptions (the 
definite article or a possessive), factive verbs (know, realize, 
regret…), implicative verbs (manage, forget, avoid…), it-
eratives (again, anymore, return…), change of state verbs 
(stop, begin, continue…), verbs of judging (praise, accuse, 
criticize…), temporal clauses (before, while, since…), cleft 
sentences (It is/wasn’t…that/who…), implicit clefts with 
stressed constituents, comparisons and contrasts (too, back, 
in return, comparative constructions…), non-restrictive 
relative clauses (who, which, when, where…), counterfac-
tual conditionals (if conditions contrary to facts), questions 
(alternative, rhetorical questions, wh-questions) [5, p. 706]. 
However, the famous English linguist G. Yule divides them 
into 6 groups, and this classification is today the main phe-
nomenon characteristic of presuppositional signals in prag-
matic linguistics. We can consider these types using the fol-
lowing table: