Ч а с т ь I v молодой ученый

Types of presupposition
Definition 
Example 
Presupposed meaning 
Existential
The interlocutor is convinced 
of the existence of the named 
objects by means of the given 
proposition
Mary’s sister is naughty 
>> Mary has a sister
Factive
a proposition through verbs such 
as «know», «realize», «be aware», 
«regret» is considered as a fact
He regrets lying him
>> He lied him
Lexical
By using one word, the speaker 
is trying to convey a different 
meaning
They stopped smoking
>>They used to smoke 
Structural
An additional meaning that 
can be understood by applying 
a certain structure
Where did she go?
>>She went 
Non-factive
A proposition that doesn’t really 
correspond to reality
She pretends to be good
>>She is not good
Counter-factual 
The intended meaning not only 
does not correspond to reality, 
but also contradicts the fact
If he had been there, 
they would have stopped 
quarreling 
>> He was not there 
>> means presupposition
1. Existential presuppositions in English legal dis-
course. The famous English philosopher Strawson, who was 
critical of B. Russell’s logical theory, which he called «the 
theory of descriptions», believed that it «contains some fun-
damental errors» and he states that singular demonstratives, 
proper names, singular personal &impersonal pronouns and def-
inite noun phrases are main referents [6]. G. Yule recognized 
that the implicit meaning in this type is realized not only with 
the help of possessive constructions, but also often with the 
help of definite noun phrases. As a result of our observations, 
it was found that such referential units, which usually imply 
the existence of an object indicated or described by using a cer-
tain name or description, are used a lot in English legal dis-
course. For example:
Mr. Katyal: Thank you, Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please 
the Court: McDonough’s Section 1983 suit claimed that Smith 
brought and maintained criminal proceedings against him based 
on fabricated evidence (Case 18–485, McDonough versus 
Smith).
With existential signals of presupposition, the addresser 
conveys a lot of information to the addressee. In the given ex-
ample, the additional presuppositions «Chief Justice exists», 

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