grammatical
ability
in this context can be made in terms of the accuracy and range of grammatical
structures that are deployed, as well as sentence level complexity.
Tasks in this category were referred to earlier as being "context-rich" and could include
essays and report writing and speaking tasks involving information and problem solving,
simulation, and role-play activities.
CONCLUSION: FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Although limited in scope, this discussion has attempted to demonstrate the advances made
in the assessment of grammar over recent years in response to a shift in focus away from
linguistic form and accuracy to the more communicative aspects of language use.
As regards construct definition, Purpura (2004) has extended Bachman and Palmer's
( 1996) conceptualization of grammatical knowledge by formulating a definition of this
concept that incorporates both grammatical form and grammatical meaning. However, this
distinction does raise some theoretical challenges since "making finer distinctions between
form and meaning will require adjustments in how we approach grammar assessment and
may require innovation" (p. 257).
From a communicative perspective, it is interesting to consider what an examinee's
performance on a test actually indicates about his
I
her ability to perform in real life or target
language use (Bachman and Palmer, 1996) situations. If the aim of teaching is to prepare
students to do this, then multiple-choice test questions, for example, are not appropriate and
extended-production tasks
would probably be more suitable. However, in the case of such
tasks, it has to be remembered that detailed assessment criteria also need to be generated
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