Chapter I communicative Competence as a skill needed for communication

Plan speaking tasks that involve negotiation for meaning.

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  Research suggests that learners make progress by communicating in the target language because interaction necessarily involves trying to understand and make yourself understood. This process is called negotiating for meaning. It involves checking to see if you've understood what someone has said, clarifying your understanding, and confirming that someone has understood your meaning. By asking for clarification, repetition, or explana­tions during conversations, learners get the people they are speaking with to address them with language at a level they can learn from and understand.
  

Design classroom activities that involve guidance and practice in both transactional and interactional speaking.

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  When we talk with someone outside the classroom, we usually do so for interactional or transactional purposes. Interactional speech is communi­cating with someone for social purposes. It includes both establishing and main­taining social relationships. Transactional speech involves communicating to get something done, including the exchange of goods and/or services.
  

According to Nunan, most spoken interactions "can be placed on a continuum from relatively predictable to relatively unpredictable".
Conversations are relatively unpredictable and can range over many topics, with the partic­ipants taking turns and commenting freely. In contrast, Nunan states that "transactional encounters of a fairly restricted kind will usually contain high­ly predictable patterns", and he gives the example of telephon­ing for a taxi. Interactional speech is much more fluid and unpredictable than transactional speech. Speaking activities inside the classroom need to embody both interactional and transactional purposes, since language learners will have to speak the target language in both trans­actional and interactional settings.¹⁰

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  Outside the context of any classroom, all children who are repeatedly exposed to language, in normal circumstances will learn it unconsciously. Most adults can learn a language without studying it. Though they may have more trouble with pronunciation and grammar than younger learners, they may still be able to communicate fluently. Children and adults who learn language successfully outside a classroom context seem to share certain similarities. First of all, they are usually exposed to language which they more or less understand even if, sometimes, they can't produce the same language spontaneously themselves. Secondly, they are motivated to learn the language in order to be able to communicate. And communication is mainly an oral business. And finally they have opportunities to use the language they are learning, thus checking their own progress and abilities.
  
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  All these features of natural language acquisition can be difficult to replicate in the classroom, but there are elements which are no doubt worth imitating. Obviously enough within the classroom environment students don't get the same kind of exposure as those who are "picking up" the language. But we should try to work on motivation, language exposure, maximized talking time and we should offer chances to use the language. This module will deal with communicative (or conversational skills,that is those skills a speaker must possess when he or she wants to communicate something orally.
  

- you should also give your students practice in exam conditions. Feedback from these tasks is particularly valuable in that it fosters self-evaluation and improvement.