Chapter II evolution of stock exchanges
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2.4.2 Structure Market regulations strictly follow Islamic shari‘ya law. Sudan and Iran are the only countries in the Middle East to adhere exclusively to Islamic directives relating to corporate capital structure (Hearn et al, 2008). A secondary equity market was established in January 1995, but it was further split into organized and parallel markets in 1999. With the regulation regarding disclosure requirements significantly lighter on the latter in order to attract a wider range of smaller firms. The Khartoum Stock Exchange is a self regulatory body. The Khartoum Stock Exchange Act provides the Exchange‘s Executive Board with the power to issue the regulations, rules, and directives that are necessary for the implementation of the Act, subject to the approval of the Finance Ministry (Art.74). Article 56 gives the Executive Board, through the Audit Committee, the power to impose a number of sanctions for the members failure to comply with the Exchange‘s law and regulations.
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The sanctions range from issuing a notice, issuing a warning, imposing financial penalties and suspension to termination of membership. The law however remains ineffective and the Executive Board has not yet been formed (World Bank, 2005). Securities traded in KSE are ordinary shares and Islamic bonds (Sukuk). Recently, some new financial instruments have been introduced with the hope of developing alternative sources of deficit financing and improving monetary management. These instruments comprise government Musharaka certificates (GMCs) that are used to assist in financing budget deficits and managing bank short- term liquidity as well as the Central bank Musharaka (participation) certificates (CMCs) that are also intended to assist in prompting efficient monetary management (Elhiraika, 2004). Additional formal market segments exist for exchange traded funds and Government Musharaka and Shihama certificates. Despite its short history KSE has contributed a number of benefits to the investment climate in Sudan, among which, it promoted the auditing profession as one of the listing requirements of any company to submit audited accounts for the latest two years and every year after listing. And also enhanced awareness in securities investment as manifested in the increasing number of the investment funds in the country (Onour, 2004).
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