Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
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2010, 8 , 114. 10. (a) Figiel, P. J.; Kopylovich, M. N.; Lasri, J.; Guedes da Silva, M. F. C.; Frausto da Silva, J. J. R.; Pombeiro, A. J. L. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46 , 2766; (b) Rajabi, F.; Balu, A. M.; Toreinia, F.; Luque, R. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2011, 1 , 1051. REFERENCES 245 11. Kopylovich, M. N.; Karabach, Y. Y.; Guedes da Silva, M. F. C.; Figiel, P. J.; Lasri, J.; Pombeiro, A. J. L. Chem. -Eur. J. 2012, 18 , 899. 12. Figiel, P. J.; Kirillov, A. M.; Guedes da Silva, M. F. C.; Lasri, J.; Pombeiro, A. J. L. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39 , 9879. 13. Kopylovich, M. N.; Mahmudov, K. T.; Guedes da Silva, M. F. C.; Figiel, P. J.; Karabach, Y. Y.; Kuznetsov, M. L.; Luzyanin, K. V.; Pombeiro, A. J. L. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50 , 918. 14. (a) Fernandes, R. R.; Lasri, J.; Guedes da Silva, M. F. C.; da Silva, J. A. L.; Frausto da Silva, J. J. R.; Pombeiro, A. J. L. Appl.
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19 OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CATALYZED BY METAL COMPLEXES Dalmo Mandelli* and Wagner A. Carvalho Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andr´e, Brazil Lidia S. Shul’pina Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Alexander M. Kirillov, Marina V. Kirillova and Armando J. L. Pombeiro Centro de Qu´ımica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T´ecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Georgiy B. Shul’pin Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 19.1 INTRODUCTION Glycerol is a by-product from biodiesel manufacturing [1]. It is also a coproduct in the production of fatty acids, alcohols, and soap using fats and oils as a feedstock (for reviews see Ref. [2a–i]). Oxidative transformations of glycerol are especially important from the practical point of view. For example, dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a valuable and important compound, being the first product in the chain of consecutive glycerol oxidation reactions. DHA does not damage the skin and it is thus widely used in cosmetics as a safe skin coloring agent as well as a nutritional supplement. Besides, DHA is a versatile building block for the synthesis of a variety of fine chemicals [2j–l]. Another primary product of glycerol oxidation, glyceric acid, is used as a biochemical intermediate, being liver stimulant, cholesterolytic, anti-inflammatory and also a base material for functional surfactants [2m]. Glycolic acid that is formed from glycerol via C–C bond cleavage finds applications in skin-care products [2n]. It also reduces hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, and acne scarring [2o]. Finally, tartronic acid generated from glycerol is oxidized to mesoxalic acid, which is known as an antidote to cyanide poisoning [2p] and also has potential use as a complexing agent and as a precursor in organic synthesis [2q]. Different methods of glycerol oxidation employing air or molecular oxygen have been reported, using heterogeneous metal derivatives as catalysts [3]. Gold catalysts are especially active in glycerol oxidation [4]. A limited number of papers deal with heterogeneous metal-catalyzed glycerol oxidation with H 2 O 2 [5]. However, only few publications were devoted to the catalytic glycerol oxidation under homogeneous conditions, most of them using hazardous compounds. Thus, alkaline potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) oxidizes glycerol in an aqueous solution if osmium tetroxide [6a] or ruthenium(VII) oxide [6b] is used as catalyst. Glycerol has been oxidized by acidic solution of N-bromoacetamide in the presence of ruthenium(III) chloride as a homogeneous catalyst and mercuric acetate as scavenger [6c]. Qualitative experiments on the oxidation of glycerol catalyzed by iron ions have also been reported [6d].
First Edition. Edited by Armando J. L. Pombeiro. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
248 OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CATALYZED BY METAL COMPLEXES Since glycerol is a very reactive compound, its oxidation typically gives rise to the formation of several compounds. Owing to the high reactivity of both glycerol and its oxidation products, the oxidation of glycerol usually affords desirable products in low yield and selectivity. Many heterogeneous catalysts lead to the predominant formation of the products of deep oxidation that are not very valuable (formic acid, formaldehyde, and even CO 2 ). Unfortunately, DHA was either not produced at all in many aerobic heterogeneous oxidations or its yields were very low [5a]. Bimetallic Pt–Bi catalysts [7] show a high initial selectivity to DHA in acidic media but exhibit a strong deactivation during the reaction, which decreases activity and selectivity to DHA. As a result, only moderate yields may be achieved. In summary, it may be concluded that the selective oxidation of glycerol to DHA is a challenging task of contemporary catalytic chemistry. One of the main problems existing in this field is the over-oxidation of the initially formed reactive products. It is thus very difficult to produce primary oxygenates (e.g., DHA) in appropriate yields. Therefore, we thought that the quest in finding the selective and atom-efficient oxidation of glycerol may consist in exploring its oxidation under mild conditions and using a homogeneous metal catalyst. Inspired by this idea and the fact that no information on the homogeneously catalyzed oxidation of glycerol with peroxides was reported until 2010, we probed the catalytic application of selected Os, Mn, and Cu complexes in the homogeneous oxidation of glycerol by peroxides. These studies resulted in the development of three different and rather efficient protocols for glycerol oxidation; their main features are summarized in this chapter. 19.2 GLYCEROL OXIDATION WITH H 2 O 2 CATALYZED BY THE Os 3 (CO) 12 /PYRIDINE COMBINATION Earlier some of us discovered [8] an extremely powerful oxidizing system composed of triosmium dodecacarbonyl (19.1) and hydrogen peroxide, which was very efficient for the oxidation of alkanes to alkyl hydroperoxides in acetonitrile solution at 60
◦ C. The addition of pyridine in low concentration sufficiently improves the activity. Turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) attained 60,000 and 24,000 h −1 , respectively. Although the system operates with the formation of free radicals, the product selectivity in the alkane oxidation under certain conditions was very high because an alkyl hydroperoxide is formed as the sole product. We applied this system to the oxidation of alcohols, including easily oxidizable 1-phenylethanol and glycerol. The kinetic curves of the alcohol consumption and ketone accumulation shown in Fig. 19.1 indicate that the ketone is formed in the yield circa 25%. Glycerol was oxidized to DHA, glycolic acid, and hydroxypyruvic acid (Fig. 19.2). Concentrations (determined by 1 H NMR) and yields of these products are summarized in Table 19.1. The best result was obtained at 60 ◦ C after 13 h. In this experiment (entry 3) glycerol conversion was 32%. The method normally used to quantify the products in the oxidation of glycerol is HPLC. Typically, an ion-exchange column and an acidic mobile phase are used. Two detectors are necessary in this case because, under these conditions, glycerol cannot be separated from DHA. Then, the peak detected by the refractive index (RI) detector corresponds to the mixture of glycerol and DHA. When the UV detector is used the area of the same peak corresponds exclusively to the DHA. By subtraction, it is possible to estimate the concentration of both compounds. In our work in Os- and Mn-catalyzed oxidation reactions, we developed a new protocol to quantify the products of glycerol oxidation using H 1 NMR. An example of the typical spectrum is shown below in Section 19.3 (Fig. 19.3). 19.3 OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH H 2 O 2 CATALYZED BY SOLUBLE COMPLEX [LMn(O) 3 MnL](PF 6 ) 2 AND ITS HETEROGENIZED FORM [LMn(O) 3 MnL] 2 [SiW 12 O 40 ] Recently, some of us found [9] that glycerol can be easily oxidized with H 2 O
(Figs. 19.4) catalyzed by the combination of soluble complex [LMn( μ-O) 3
6 ) 2 (19.2a) and its heterogenized form [LMn( μ-O)
3 MnL]
2 [SiW
12 O 40 ] (19.2b) (L is 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, TMTACN). The data on the homogeneous oxidation catalyzed by soluble catalyst 19.2a under different conditions are summarized in Tables 19.2 and 19.3. It can be concluded that the main product usually was DHA. However, in some cases, the products of deeper oxidation prevailed (see, e.g., Table 19.2, entries 4, 6, 7, 10, Table 19.3, entries 2–5, 12). Entries 11–14 of Table 19.2 demonstrate that, in the oxidation of glycerol, oxalic acid is
OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH H 2 O 2 249 0 0.02 0.04 6 Time (h) Concentration (M) 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.06
0.08 0.10
(a) 0.12
60 °C 50 °C (b)
3.4 3.2
3.0 −13
−12 −11
ln W 0 (M/s) / K 1000
T E a = 11 ± 2 kcal/mol 40 °C Os Os Os OC CO CO CO CO CO CO CO OC OC OC OC Catalyst 19.1 Figure 19.1 (a) Oxidation of 1-phenylethanol (accumulation of acetophenone) at different temperatures. Conditions: [1- phenylethanol] 0 = 0.5 M, [H 2 O 2 ] 0 = 1.0 M, [19.1] = 5 × 10 –5 M, [py]
= 0.05 M, total volume of the reaction solution was 2.5 mL. (b) The Arrhenius plot based on the data presented in Graph A. OH CH
OH OH O Glycerol Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) OH HO
Glycolic acid + HOOC C HOCH
2 Hydroxypyruvic acid OH O
Figure 19.2 Products obtained in glycerol oxidation catalyzed by the osmium complex (19.1) TABLE 19.1 Oxidation of Glycerol with the H 2 O 2 /19.1/Pyridine System a Products, Concentration, M (yield, %) Entry Temperature, ◦ C
DHA Glycolic Acid Hydroxypyruvic Acid 1 60 0.5 0.0008 (0.4) 0 (0) 0 (0)
2 5 0.017 (8.3) 0.006 (4.0) 0.005 (2.7) 3 13
0.015 (7.5) 0.016 (8.0) 0.003 (1.5) 4 17 24 0.007 (4.3) 0 (0) 0 (0)
5 72 0.010 (5.0) 0.005 (2.5) 0.006 (3.0) 6 144
0.011 (5.5) 0.010 (5.0) 0.006 (3.0) a Conditions: Solvent was acetonitrile, [glycerol] 0 = 0.2 M, [H 2 O
] 0 = 0.3 M, [Os 3 (CO)
12 ] = 5 × 10 –5 M, [py]
= 0.05 M, total volume of the reaction solution was 2.5 mL. Yields (%) in parentheses are based on starting glycerol. b Glycerol conversion was 32%. not an obligatory component of the catalytic system. The maximum yield of all valuable oxidation products attained 45% (Table 19.3, entry 12). The oxidation of DHA under similar conditions has also been studied (Figs. 19.5 and 19.6). As DHA does not have the secondary hydroxyl groups, it is less reactive than glycerol in the ketonization reaction. The “19.2a/oxalic acid/H 2 O
/CH 3 CN” 250 OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CATALYZED BY METAL COMPLEXES 10.0 5.0
ppm (t1) 1.00
0.10 1.53
0.27 8.54
0.14 0.10
1,4-Dinitrobenzene Dihydroxyacetone Hydroxypyruvic acid
Glycolic acid
Glyceric acid
Glycerol TMS
MeCN+ acetone-d 6 H
O 8.597
4.845 4.444
4.259 4.191
3.676 3.237
2.137 20,000
15,000 10,000
50,000 0
An example of the 1 H NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture obtained in the glycerol oxidation catalyzed by complex 19.2a. OH CH OH OH OH O Glycerol
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) Glyceric acid + +
HO O Glycolic acid + HOOC
C HOCH
2 Hydroxypyruvic acid OH HC
OH OH O O O O N N N Me Me Me N N N Me Me Me (PF 6 ) 2 Mn Mn 19.2a [W 12 SiO 40 ] 19.2b O O O N N N Me Me Me N N N Me Me Me Mn Mn 2
Products obtained in glycerol oxidation catalyzed by the manganese compounds 19.2a and 19.2. system oxidizes glycerol predominantly and not DHA when the concentration of glycerol is high. In the period of the reaction when the concentration of glycerol is low and some amount of hydrogen peroxide is still present in the solution, DHA is oxidized extensively. If the concentration of H 2 O
after oxidation of all glycerol is very low, obviously, the first product, DHA, will not be oxidized further. Thus, in the absence of glycerol, DHA is oxidized primarily to hydroxypyruvic aldehyde OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH H 2 O 2 251 20 0 40 0 Concentration (M) 0.05 0.10
0.15 Time (h)
60 80 Glycolic acid 0.20 0.25
DHA Figure 19.5 Oxidation of dihydroxyacetone with H 2 O
(50% aqueous; initial concentration 0.75 M) catalyzed by complex 19.2a (5 × 10 –5 M) in the presence of oxalic acid (0.02 M) and added D 2 O (0.2 mL). Solvent was acetonitrile, 22 ◦ C. Adapted from Reference 9.
a Entry H 2 O 2 , M
19.2a, M (COOH)
2 , M
Time DHA,
mM (%) Glyceric
Acid, mM (%) Glycolic
Acid, mM (%) Hydroxypyruvic Acid, mM (%) 1 1.0 5.0 × 10
–5 0.002
10 min 29.0 (5.8) 3.3 (0.7) 6.7 (1.3) 0 (0) 2
18.5 (4.0) 6.7 (1.3) 4.7 (0.9) 0 (0)
3 4 h
25.9 (5.2) 7.0 (1.2) 10.0 (2.0) 0 (0)
4 24 h
b 54.0 (10.8) 26.7 (5.3) 97.0 (19.4) 0 (0) 5
5.0 × 10
–5 0.02
4 h 27.9 (5.6) 0 (0) 0 (0)
0 (0) 6 24 h 27.0 (5.5) 0 (0)
54.0 (10.0) 0 (0)
7 48 h
16.7 (3.3) 5.0 (1.0) 10.0 (2.0) 0 (0)
8 0.5
2.5 × 10
–5 0.01
10 min 16.7 (3.3) 0 (0) 0 (0)
2.0 (0.4) 9 30 min c 20.9 (4.2) 0.5 (0.1) 0.5 (0.1) 3.4 (0.7) 10 1 h 10.0 (2.0) 0.5 (0.1) 6.7 (1.3) 2.0 (0.4) 11 0.3
d 5.0
× 10 –5 0 10 min 20.0 (6.7) 0.6 (0.2) 3.1 (1.0) 2.0 (0.7) 12 30 min 37.6 (12.5) 40.0 (13.6) 16.7 (5.6) 4.5 (1.5) 13 2 h
33.4 (11.1) 48.0 (15.0) 13.0 (4.0) 4.7 (1.6) 14 24 h
29.0 (9.7) 31.4 (10.5) 13.0 (4.0) 10.0 (3.4) a Conditions: Solvent was acetonitrile. 22 ◦ C. Yields (%) in parentheses are based on starting glycerol. b Glycerol conversion was 40%, mass balance was 89%. c Glycerol conversion was 20%, mass balance was 29%. d Yields were calculated on the basis of hydrogen peroxide. Adapted from Reference 9. and hydroxypyruvic acid (Fig. 19.6). In both compounds, vicinal carbonyl groups are present, facilitating the decarbonylation to afford glycolic acid. Heterogenized catalyst 19.2b is active in the process of glycerol oxidation (Fig. 19.7). Special experiments indicated that the reaction occurs predominantly on the surface of catalyst 19.2b. Yield of the products after 1 h does not depend on the amount of 19.2b, which is similar to the behavior found for the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol. It has been assumed that this independence is due to the aggregation of heterogeneous forms of the catalyst, which leads to the contraction of the catalytically active surface. Only negligible leaching of the catalyst was detected. The experiments on recycling showed that some loss of activity upon catalyst recycling occur only for the second run. The third and fourth runs gave the same yields of the products, and the catalyst can be easily isolated from the reaction mixture and reused many times without sufficient
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