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OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CATALYZED BY METAL COMPLEXES TABLE 19.3
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- TABLE 19.4 Oxidation of Glycerol with TBHP Catalyzed by the Tetracopper(II) Triethanolaminate Complex (19.3)
- REFERENCES
252 OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CATALYZED BY METAL COMPLEXES TABLE 19.3 Oxidation of Glycerol at its Initial Concentration of 0.16–0.08 M a Entry Glycerol, M 19.2a, M Time
DHA, mM (%) Glyceric
Acid, mM (%) Glycolic
Acid, mM (%) Hydroxypyruvic Acid, mM (%) 1 0.16 5.0 × 10
–5 5 min
4.5 (2.9) 0 (0)
0 (0) 0 (0)
2 10 min
9.2 (5.9) 13.4 (8.6) 10.0 (6.5) 0 (0)
3 30 min
22.2 (14.2) 14.0 (9.1) 16.7 (10.8) 0 (0)
4 24 h
b 23.7 (15.3) 16.7 (10.8) 16.7 (10.8) 0.8 (0.5) 5 48 h c 16.0 (10.0) 20.0 (12.9) 26.7 (17.2) 0.8 (0.5) 6 0.16 0 24 h
0 (0) 0 (0)
0 (0) 0 (0)
7 0.16
2.5 × 10
–5 100 h
6.7 (4.3) 5.0 (3.2) 5.3 (3.4) 0 (0)
8 0.08
5.0 × 10
–5 5 min
1.8 (2.4) 0 (0)
0 (0) 0 (0)
9 10 min
3.1 (3.9) 0 (0)
0 (0) 0 (0)
10 30 min
8.0 (10.5) 4.0 (5.0) 4.0 (5.0) 0 (0)
11 1 h
9.6 (12.0) 9.0 (11.3) 9.0 (11.3) 0 (0)
12 24 h
10.0 (12.5) 12.7 (16.0) 12.7 (16.0) 0 (0)
a Conditions: Solvent was acetonitrile, [H 2 O
] 0 = 0.3 M, [(COOH) 2 ] = 0 M, 22 ◦ C. Yields (%) in parentheses are based on starting glycerol. b Glycerol conversion was 40%. c Glycerol conversion was 60%. Adapted from Reference 9. OH OH
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) OH HO O Glycolic acid OH H
O OH OH O O Hydroxypyruvic acid Hydroxypyruvic aldehyde Figure 19.6 Products of dihydroxyacetone oxidation catalyzed by the manganese complex 19.2a. loss of activity. The enhanced stability of the immobilized catalyst may be due to the occurrence of substrate oxidation on the solid surface. Owing to this, TMTACN ligands of the catalyst (which can be relatively easily destroyed in the solution) are protected by the surrounding voluminous polyoxometalate species.
The
catalytic systems
based on the hydrosoluble tetracopper(II) triethanolaminate complex
[O ⊂Cu
4 {N(CH
2 CH 2 O) 3 } 4 (BOH)
4 ][BF
4 ] 2 (19.3) [10a] were applied by some of us for the mild oxidation of alco- hols [10b]. Given the high performance of this catalyst in alcohol oxidation, we tested the same catalytic system for the homogeneous oxidation of glycerol to DHA [11]. This transformation was undertaken at low temperatures (25–70 ◦ C) in H 2 O/MeCN medium, and the action of various oxidizing agents was screened. The selected results are summarized in Fig. 19.8. Hydrogen peroxide is considered as a “green” oxidant. Besides having high active oxygen content, the main advantage of H 2
2 consists in environmental reasons, namely, owing to the generation of water as the only by-product. The application of OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH H 2 O 2
Yield (%) 0 5 10 Time (h)
20 15 Yield (%) 0 1 2 4 3 0 1 2 100 7 6 8 DHA
(a) (b)
DHA Glyceric acid Hydroxypyruvic acid Glycolic acid Figure 19.7 Glycerol oxidation with H 2 O
catalyzed by heterogenized complex 19.2b. Conditions: glycerol, 0.21 M; H 2 O 2 (50%
aqueous), 0.3 M; catalyst 19.2b, 5 mg (which is equivalent to 4.4 × 10
–4 M Mn ions); oxalic acid: 0.002 M (a) and 0 M (b). Total volume of the reaction solution was 5 mL; 22 ◦ C. Adapted from Reference 9. this reagent for the oxidation of glycerol was previously limited almost exclusively to heterogeneous catalytic systems (see above). In the presence of 19.3, H 2 O
taken in a twofold molar excess over glycerol forms an efficient oxidation system that leads to 15% conversion of glycerol, after 1 h at 25 ◦ C (Fig. 19.8). This corresponds to the selectivity to DHA of 51% that is rather low owing to the formation of formic and hydroxyacetic acids as by-products, detected by GS-MS analyses. The extension of the reaction time to 18 h does not have a substantial effect, resulting in a slightly higher glycerol conversion (18%) with the comparable selectivity (49%). With the aim of avoiding the over-oxidation of glycerol and increasing the selectivity toward DHA, we have used a 10-fold reduced amount of hydrogen peroxide, which corresponds to the decrease of the H 2 O 2 /glycerol molar ratio from 2 : 1 to 0.2 : 1. As a result, the reaction is slower and allowed to obtain after 4 h a selectivity to DHA of 96%, with glycerol conversion of 3%. This conversion can be increased up to 8% on prolonging the reaction time to 30 h, showing also a high selectivity to DHA (93%). In the latter case, the DHA yield based on H 2
2 is 35%, being rather substantial taking into consideration the mild reaction conditions. Interestingly, if the glycerol oxidation is repeated (under same conditions) with CuCl 2 as a catalyst instead of complex 19.3, only 11% DHA yield based on H 2 O 2 is obtained. This fact reveals the particular importance of the N,O-ligands and their intricate arrangement in 19.3.
revealing an inferior activity than that of H 2 O
. Thus, at ambient temperature (25 ◦ C) only 2.5% conversion of glycerol is achieved after 3 h of the reaction with TBHP, showing the selectivity and yield to DHA of 88% and 2.2%, respectively (Table 19.4, entry 1). A reaction carried out under the same conditions, but with H 2 O
led to 15% conversion and 8% selectivity after only 1 h. However, a higher selectivity to DHA was observed for TBHP, that is, 88% versus 51% for H 2
2 . Changing the experimental conditions in the oxidation of glycerol with TBHP, it was observed that an increase of temperature to 50 ◦ C leads to the similar DHA yield of circa 2% (entry 2), which is obtained, however, at a shorter reaction time (0.5 h). At a more prolonged reaction time, increased temperature, and in the presence of catalyst promoter (HCl) and a higher amount of TBHP (4.0 mmol, entry 3), only 6.0% conversion of glycerol is reached with the selectivity to DHA of 90%. The promoting role of a base in glycerol oxidation has been established in various heterogeneous systems. We have also found that the presence of base (Na 2 CO
) also accelerates the reaction (entry 4) leading, after 0.5 h, to slightly higher 254 OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CATALYZED BY METAL COMPLEXES 0 1 h
18 h 4 h
30 h 4 h
30 h 4 h
30 h Conversion (%) Yield (%) Selectivity (%) Conversion (%) Yield (%) Selectivity (%) 1 h
18 h 1 h
18 h 20 40 60 80 (%) 100 H 2 O 2 5.0 mmol H 2 O 2 0.5 mmol
15 18 3 8
2 7 96 93
8 9 49 51 H O [BF 4 ] 2 Cu N B B O O H O O O Cu N B O H O O O O O O Cu Cu N N B O H O O O Catalyst 19.3 Figure 19.8 Oxidation of glycerol with H 2 O
catalyzed by the tetracopper(II) triethanolaminate complex (19.3): effect of the concentration of H 2 O
and reaction time. Conditions: glycerol (2.5 mmol), Cu(II) complex (5.0 μmol; 0.15 mL aqueous solution), 25 ◦
TABLE 19.4 Oxidation of Glycerol with TBHP Catalyzed by the Tetracopper(II) Triethanolaminate Complex (19.3) a Entry TBHP, mmol T, ◦ C t, h Conv. GLY, % Yield DHA, % Sel. DHA, % 1 5.0
b 25 3.0 2.5 2.2
88 2 2.0 50 0.5
2.7 2.3
85 3 4.0 c 70 6.0 6.0 5.4
90 4 2.0 d 60 0.5 8.5 7.5
88 a Conv. GLY, glycerol conversion; sel. DHA, selectivity to dihydroxyacetone; yield DHA, molar yield (%) [moles of DHA/100 moles of glycerol] determined by GC analysis. Conditions ((unless stated otherwise): glycerol (1.0 mmol), Cu(II) complex 19.3 (5.0 μmol), T = 25 ◦ C, solvent acetonitrile/water. b glycerol (2.5 mmol). c In the presence of HCl promoter (40 μmol; 1 M in H 2 O). d In the presence of Na 2 CO
(3.0 mmol). Adapted from Reference 11. glycerol conversion (8.5%) and DHA yield (7.5%). Further optimization of oxidations with TBHP did not allow us to obtain substantially better results. Other oxidants, namely, potassium peroxodisulfate (K 2 S
O 8 ) and air [mediated by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)] were also tested in the glycerol oxidation (Table 19.5) with 19.3. Although potassium peroxodisulfate is a very powerful oxidant, the oxidation of glycerol proceeded very slowly and nonselectively, resulting in 12% yield of DHA with selectivity of only 24%. Although some heterogeneous catalytic systems have been reported for the aerobic (or by molecular oxygen) oxidations of glycerol under rather mild conditions, the attempted oxidation of glycerol with air and complex 19.3 herein did not proceed to any extent. However, this reaction can be mediated by the TEMPO radical, which is a recognized mediator in the oxidation of various monoalcohols [10b]. Hence, glycerol could be transformed to DHA (circa ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 255 TABLE 19.5 Oxidation of Glycerol with Different Oxidants Catalyzed by the Tetracopper(II) Triethanolaminate Complex (19.3) a Oxidant T, ◦ C t, h Conv. GLY, % Yield DHA, % Select. DHA, % K 2
2 O 8 b 25 120 50.0 12.0
24 Air
c 60 3.5 0 0 0 Air/TEMPO d 60 3.5 10.0
9.6 96 a Conv. GLY, glycerol conversion; sel. DHA, selectivity to dihydroxyacetone; yield DHA, molar yield (%) [moles of DHA/100 moles of glycerol] determined by GC analysis. Conditions: solvent acetonitrile/water. b glycerol 2.5 mmol, complex 19.3 (5.0 μmol), K 2 S 2 O 8 2.5 mmol, in the presence of increased amount of H 2 O (8.0 mL) for dissolving K 2 S 2 O 8 ; the total volume of the reaction solution was 11.0 mL. c glycerol 1.0 mmol, complex 19.3 (10.0 μmol; 0.30 mL aqueous solution), air (1 atm) and Na 2 CO 3 (0.5 mmol). d Conditions of footnote c, but in the presence of TEMPO (50.0 μmol). Adapted from Reference 11. 10% yield) with a high selectivity (96%) after 3.5 h at 60 ◦ C. Further increase of the reaction time does not lead to somehow better results. Selective TEMPO-mediated oxidation of glycerol to ketomalonic acid [12a] or DHA [12b] has been reported, but requires the use of either of NaOCl/Br − oxidant or electrochemical systems, respectively. Although the commercial production of DHA is limited to biological oxidation of glycerol [12c], the formation of DHA in rather good yields, albeit with modest selectivities, can also be achieved in the continuous aerobic oxidation of glycerol on the heterogeneous metallic catalysts. When using the catalyst 19.3, the obtained DHA yields are comparable to those achieved in the recently reported (i) H-transfer dehydrogenation of glycerol to DHA, catalyzed by organometallic iridium complexes [12d] and (ii) heterogeneous oxidation of glycerol by the Au/CeO 2 /O
system [12e]. However, those processes exhibited significantly lower selectivity of DHA in comparison with our work. In summary of this section, the complex 19.3 was successfully tested as catalyst in the oxidation of glycerol, resulting in high selectivities to DHA with yields close to 10%. The system is active in the presence of various oxidants, including TBHP, K 2
2 O 8 , and air (mediated by TEMPO). Hydrogen peroxide, considered as a green oxidant, led to the best results.
19.5 CONCLUSIONS As an abundant biorenewable feedstock from the manufacture of biodiesel, glycerol is a suitable starting material for the synthesis of a wide variety of value-added organic products. In spite of the recognized difficulties in developing clean and selective transformations of glycerol, the present work showed that the combination of certain types of homogeneous catalysts with hydrogen peroxide or other oxidants (e.g., TBHP) furnishes rather efficient systems (up to 45% yields of valuable products based on glycerol) for the oxidation of glycerol to DHA, glycolic acid, and/or hydroxypyruvic acid. These catalysts include the triosmium carbonyl Os 3 (CO) 12 derivative, the soluble [L 2 MnO
3 ](PF
6 ) 2 and heterogenized [L 2 MnO 3 ] 2 (SiW 12 O 40 ) complexes, and the aquasoluble tetracopper(II) triethanolaminate compound [O ⊂Cu 4 {N(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 } 4 -(BOH)
4 ](BF
4 ) 2 . The effects of various reaction parameters have been studied and the preferable reaction conditions have been identified. Apart from representing the first examples of homogeneous systems for the oxidation of glycerol the applied Os, Mn, and Cu catalysts also operate under mild conditions in aqueous acetonitrile medium, showing rather good selectivities and a number of interesting features (e.g., they operate with various oxidants, result in different product distribution patterns, and can be recycled in the case of supported Mn-based catalyst). However, further optimization of all these systems and the search for new catalysts to envisage higher conversions of glycerol and superior selectivities to desirable products should be undertaken. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Brazilian National Council on Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil; grants Nos. 552774/2007-3, 305014/2007-2, 303828/2010-2), the State of S˜ao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, Brazil; grants Nos. 2005/51579-2, 2006/03996-6), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 12-03-00084-a), 256 OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CATALYZED BY METAL COMPLEXES and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal (projects PTDC/QUI-QUI/102150/2008, PTDC/QUI- QUI/121526/2010, and PEst-OE/QUI/UI0100/2011). REFERENCES 1. (a) Van Gerpen, J. Fuel Process. Technol. 2005, 86 , 1097; (b) de Rezende, S. M.; de Castro Reis, M.; Reid, M. G.; SilvaJr., P. L.; Coutinho, F. M. B.; da Silva San Gil, R. A.; Lachter, E. R. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2008, 349 , 198; (c) da Silva, C. R. B.; Gonc¸alves, V. L. C.; Lachter, E. R.; Mota, C. J. A. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2009, 20 , 201. 2. (a) Sels, B.; D’Hondt, E.; Jacobs, P. Catalytic Transformation of Glycerol. In Centi, G., van Santen, R. A., Eds; Catalysis for
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