Fig : VTC of CMOS
NOTE:
A fast gate is built either by keeping the output capacitance small or by decreasing the on-resistance
of the transistor.
✔
Noise margin:
The amount of noise added to input could hold the output at logic 1 or 0 for the
applied input
without distortion is called noise margin.
N
ML
= V
IL
– V
OL
Low noise margin.
N
MH
= V
OH
– V
IH
High noise margin.
N
M
= (N
ML
+ N
MH
)/2
Fig : Noise margin of CMOS
VIH and VIL are the operational points of the
inverter where d
vout
/d
vin
= -1 .
✔
Switching Threshold:
The switching threshold is defined as the point where V
in
= V
out
. In this region
both PMOS and NMOS
are always saturated since V
DS
= V
GS
.
Let us denote switching threshold as V
M
≈ (rV
DD
) /(1 + r)
Switching threshold is set by r which is the comparison of the driving strengths of PMOS and NMOS.
V
M
is generally located at the middle of the available voltage swing (V
DD
/2).
Fig 4: Switching Threshold of CMOS
Let’s have analysis based on above graph:
1.
VM is relatively insensitive to variations in the device ratio. This means that small
variations
of the ratio do not disturb the transfer characteristic that much. It is therefore accepted to set the
width of the PMOS transistor to values smaller than those required for exact symmetry.
2.
The effect of changing the Wp /Wn ratio is to shift the transient region of the VTC.
Increasing the width of the PMOS or the NMOS moves VM towards VDD or GND respectively. This
property can be very useful, as asymmetrical transfer characteristics are actually
desirable in some
designs.
✔
Realizing CMOS with Boolean equations:
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