Content s introduction Chapter I phonological schools in linguistics and their theoretical concepts

2.3 Activities on theoretical theme in the example of translated text

Activity 1. Write the words in letter /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/ pronounced with aspiration are transcribed [b, d, g, p^h, t^h, k^h] from the context

Phonetical	Phonological

Activity 2. Find the words in which phonemes can differentiate the meaning of the word from the text.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I can say that subjects have their own subject, object and certain aim. Phonetics helps us to know the development of languages , the history of all sounds and the organs of speech and other important problems belonging to its own sphere, while learning this subject , we compare themes with our native

languages. Today more and more people are learning English . Everyone who is

learning English come across some difficulties depending on sounds and letters , cause the number of sounds is not the same as the number of English letters . The

Prague phonological school. Its head is Nikolay Sergeevich Trubetskoy. He was

the 1st linguist, who divided phonetics from phonology. He said, that phonetics

is not a linguistic science, it is a biological science, because speech sounds are

produced with the activity of speech organs.

Phonetics has two main divisions: phonology, the Study of sound patterns of languages, of how a spoken language functions as a "code", and the study of substance, that carries the code.

Human speech is the result of a highly complicated series of events. The formation of the concept takes place at a linguistic level, that is in the brain of the speaker. This stage may be called psychological. Human brain controls the behaviour of the articulating organs which effects in producing a particular pattern of speech sounds. This second stage may be called physiology cat. The movements of the speech apparatus disturb the air stream thus producing sound waves.

Consequently the third stage may be called physical or acoustic. The last stages are the reception of the sound waves by the listener's, hearing physiological apparatus, the transmission of the spoken message.

In accordance with their linguistic function the organs of speech may be grouped.

The following four main types of phonetics may be distinguished:

1. Special phonetics;

2. General Phonetics.

3. Descriptive Phonetics.

4. Historical or Diachronical Phonetics.

5. Comparative - Typological Phonetics.

According to their functions phonetic units - sounds, syllables, stress and intonation can be described linguistically and classified to some groups or subgroups.

Phonetics in the wider sense includes phonology as distinct from morphology, syntax and stylistics.

The oldest, simplest and most readily available method is the method of direct observation. Objective methods involve the use of various instrumental techniques. The methods of investigation used in phonetics vary, but there are three principal methods: (1) the direct observation method; (2) the linguistic method; (3) the experimental method.

The term phonics during the 19th century and into the 1970s was used as a synonym of phonetics. The use of the term in reference to the method of teaching is dated to 1901 by the OED.

APPENDIX

Hakimdjan Uka! You wrote me several letters. As for me, I could not reply on time. I begged your pardon for it. Firstly, I have not written to anyone since I learned how to play the abacus. Secondly, Artikbai, what a poor silly, was threatening us all for a long time. Therefore, I could not reply to you. In each your letter, you would ask for Artikbai. Finally, thanks God, he has joined us...

Hakimdjan, if I tell the truth, since you left us, we had been in trouble. The first of all neighbors, and then the surrounding people, came to see Artikbai. As the guests came repeatedly, they annoyed us. However, we can say that the dog does not bite guest who is coming in by the door. We met everyone as we could. As far as we know, we answered all the questions. They all said we were here to inquire about the condition of him. It is nice if they come to see. However, some of the guests look at child as if he is a wild man in forest or some other creature from the forest. Like these situations, your sister and I become very upset.

Different people came. Dear brother, when you come back safely and meet you, I will tell you in detail...

Artikbai, himself was cunning. We have been suffering for a year. He gets up and walks all night. He goes out of the yard, goes over the wall, and leaves. As you know, the walls on our countryside are very low. Therefore, he can easily climb over the wall and goes anywhere. Whether he dozes or misses the mountain, nobody knows about it. We consult with one another if or not to put a chain on his feet, and

Then we think about our own honor. You saw him while playing with the dog in the yard. Our dog seems sick. I have never heard a barking sound since. It eats meal on the dish and goes back home. If Artikbai comes close there, the dog will sound like a wolf in the living room.

We could tolerate this; however, he killed our neighbor's dog. It was also a dog like a donkey. The dog's owner complained. I did not argue. Other neighbors fell to the middle. The missing knife handle is considered as gold. Therefore, I gave a ram for the dog's died. That is all, Hakimdjan brother. Sometimes I think that whatever have found my son and I have a lightface in front of public. If I could not find my son, I would die with a dream, Artikbai. He understood. He spoke so much. Even when he was young, he would speak little. We are now consulting whether he can go to school. This is what worries us too. If you were here, you would have found a way out.

I really speak a lot. All right, dear brother. Be healthy and come back soon. Greetings to you and to your companions from home one more time.

Ohh, when I went to work in Bogiston I visited to your house. Next time I will take your sister. They are all in good health.

Goodbye, be healthy, my dear brother. With respect Kasim Aka.

January 8, 1966”.

After receiving this letter, I went to the Kokrabot district for about a year and a half. Among the way, I imagined the changes in my nephew had influenced on Artikbai. As I walked into the Kasim aka's courtyard, I thought that my nephew would run and hang on my neck. Unfortunately, that day my nephew was not home...