Content s introduction chapter methodical basis of translation theory

CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER 2

In summary, the famous writer Jorge Luis Borges from Brazil and Argentina is considered one of the most complex and mysterious Practical aspects of developing translating techniques ns and passions" ("IL", 10th issue, 2005).

As translation specialists, let's consider these words and think about how Borges' language would be expressed in modern-day Uzbek language. After all, this language is not found in our literature, which developed in the spirit of the Eastern traditions of the distant past! In the following years, some examples of Uzbek translations of Borges' works have appeared, but it is difficult to find a translator who can fully capture Borges' essence, let alone complete the task easily.

When we talk about translation, we also come across situations that are not immediately visible. However, it takes effort to overcome these difficulties. Mastery of two languages - in this case, Spanish and Uzbek - is crucial. Poet ShavkatRahmonLorkan, who mastered both languages, gave the example of translating Spanish into Uzbek and discovering the same refined and elegant language of Borges' works. "Discovering the language" is the key to successful translation. Furthermore, a skilled translator's vocabulary is as unique as a writer's, and it must be clear, precise and bright. Just as Navoi's famous poetic phrase "ravshan alfoz va ochuq ado" is not lost in translation. Just like a writer, a translator who is talented in his imagination and has a broad understanding of the human psyche can produce an impressive, meaningful, and impactful work when supported by his proficiency in the relevant fields of knowledge.
The success of a translation, which reflects the quality and originality of the author’s work and reflects the intricacies and realities of life, lies in the translator’s ability to grasp the essence of the vocabulary, literary style, and imaginative visions of the author, as well as in his or her mastery of related fields of knowledge. It is also their proficiency in providing supporting materials, such as contextual descriptions of the author and their work, in order to facilitate a successful and robust translation.
The translator, like a writer seeking for inspiration and materials for a new work, also collects materials with great scrutiny, creating a separate document with biographical information about the author and other necessary sources.
Nikolai Lyubimov, a Russian translator, acknowledged the concept of a "writer-translator." He stressed that translators must be linked creatively and artistically with the author. The words "writer-translator" or "translator-writer," on the other hand, suggest a significant responsibility load. The translator becomes accountable for the author’s work in a different language, and his or her name is also associated with the published text. How have readers of the original text accepted the author's work, and how will their perception of the author be affected by the poorly translated text? How would the translator's literary caliber and quality impact the learners who are studying in languages that are foreign to him? Preparing for translation is a major creative endeavor.
There are several methods for translating words. Not translating counterparts is the easiest way to translate words. This method involves transliterating words, that is, providing pronunciation of words. This method is widely used for transliterating personal names, place names, geographic names, job titles, newspapers and magazines, that is, contemporary publishing names, company names, hotel names, etc.
Transliteration is sometimes used for specific purposes. According to translation theory, the use of transliteration has advantages, because transliteration actually gives the pronunciation of the word used. Transliteration takes into account the graphic aspect of the word. For example, the word "Hamlet" is given in two ways in Uzbek from English - "Gamlet" and "Hamlet". The second method corresponds to the rules and regulations of the Uzbek language and serves to accurately reflect the pronunciation of the English word. If we consider this word through transliteration, it will be pronounced as "Hemiit". This does not meet the above requirements. In most cases, it is necessary to give the same name in several ways. In most cases, it depends directly on the style and genre of the text. In addition, the event or incident being described and the era and country in which it occurred are very important for the translator. In many cases, the name is transliterated based on the era and genre of the text. Let's discuss the city of Samarqand today. The name of this city can be given in two different ways in Uzbek. In English, this name can be transliterated as either Samarqand or Samarkand. The first method of transliteration is mostly used in historical texts, while the second method is used in modern texts. It should be noted that the second method has mostly been influenced by the Russian language.
The English word "Isaac" can also be transliterated in several ways. In religious context, this name is referred to as Isak, while in scientific and literary texts, it is referred to as Ayzek.
In Uzbek, this name is referred to as Iso in religious context, and Ayzek or Isoq in scientific and literary works. It should be noted that transliteration, transcription, and traditions are taken into account, apart from stylization and genre of the text.Apart from legal regulations, the mistakes of the translator who sometimes violates the traditional customs lead to misunderstandings among the wider audience. Our opinion on the name of the city of Farg‘ona in Uzbek can serve as evidence of our idea. This word has two transcriptional variants in English. If this word is directly transliterated from Uzbek, it should be written as Farghana, and if it is transliterated through Russian, it should be written as Fergana. However, currently, this word is used in the form of Farghana or Fergana in neither Uzbek nor Russian. Furthermore, it is important to pay attention to the incorrect transcription of the "gh" combination in the English language, which corresponds to the "g" sound in the Uzbek transcription. For example, Afghanistan is typically written in English as Afg‘oniston in Uzbek. As previously mentioned, this method is widely used to transliterate personal names, place names, geographic names, job titles, publishing house names, company and entity names, cafe and hotel names. If we focus on the transliteration of the publishing house names, we need to consider their primary significance to newspapers and magazines, as well as their role in serving others at the same time. It is important to remember that additional information not directly given is provided by the translator through comments and explanations at the bottom of the page and through contextual clues. Therefore, the translator must have a deep knowledge. However, it is important to ensure that these things do not go against the laws and regulations of the language and to consider their contextual connection.
If there is no direct translation for a word in the language being translated, the next step in the translation process is to approximate the meaning and translate accordingly. This can also be accomplished through word analogy. If there is no direct equivalent in the language being translated, a similar or related word is chosen. For example, in Uzbek language, the words "halim", "holvaytar", and "sumalak" are best translated by selecting foreign words with similar or related meanings. Thus, a combination of words can be used. There is no corresponding word in English for "halim", but a similar dish with wheat and meat can be named. In addition, it can also be called nutritious meat porridge. The choice of words depends on the context and the translator's skill. Apart from the above mentioned method of translation, there is another way - visual translation. In this method, a word can be accompanied by a phrase, expression or a whole sentence in the translation. For example, the English word "spacewalk" is translated into Uzbek as "kosmosga chiqish", and the Uzbek word "havaskor" is translated into English as "amateur talent activities"⁴.
Thus, there are five main methods of translation, which include: 1) transliteration, 2) title and annotation, 3) substitution, 4) translation with similar words, and 5) visual translation. Each of them has its own limitations. In some translations, a word or expression may only be limited to the scope of the translation, while an annotation or a description may expand the text of the translation, and a similar translation may bring clarity and accuracy to the translation. However, the judicious use of the above methods helps to preserve the information provided in the original text and to improve the quality of the translation. When choosing a method of translation, it is necessary to take into account the stylistic and genre characteristics of the text. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of creating a combination of words in each language. The translator works with words during the translation process. As both a creator and linguist researcher and stylist, they operate within the environment of multiple languages and the vocabularies of each. The translator extracts the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences according to the original content and context, and aligns them with the general content, style, and structure of the original text.
To put it more simply, translation means finding appropriate and equivalent words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and shapes that match the original text, including its overall structure and context. All of this must be done with a high level of quality, even when faced with challenging material. In essence, translation is not the same as the original text. A translation is a companion of the original in another language, companion, replacement, only. Only the power of the work and talent of the translator with the translation can sound in harmony with the original in every respect. The translator is a sentence and a separate word that makes up a sentence meanings only and only depending on the context and its flow translates the meaning of a word into a sentence, the meaning of a sentence into a sentence, break the meaning of the sentence into a separate complete fragment and fragment its meaning to the entire content, form and style of the work fits. After all, the purpose and function of a word or a sentence is the author watched content is only fully unfolded in context. Every word in the language serves to express several meanings. The author, say from dozens of meanings of the words "have" or "eye" in the same passage what meaning is he using, what is the function of the word loading - the translator "bites", "takes off" these during the translation process will "open". In this, he has a wide knowledge of the language and interpretation potential comes into force