Content s introduction chapter methodical basis of translation theory

CHAPTER 2. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPING TRANSLATING TECHNIQUES


2.1 generalized information about art terms in different field

The political and social life of a country is reflected in it. For example, the titles of state leaders (president, prime minister) or parliament names (national assembly, senate) are very easy, meaning they are formed from internationally or easily translatable words. National parliament names are not translated, for example, Bundestag (Germany), Storting (Norway), Riksdag (Sweden), Eduskunta (Finland), Knesset (Israel), Duma (Russia), and Oliy Majlis (Uzbekistan). These names are written as they are in administrative documents. The names of ministries are translated according to their actual meaning. Therefore, "Treasury" becomes the Ministry of Finance, "Home office" becomes the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and so on for the Attorney General or Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Security, etc.

Thus, one of the most difficult issues for translation is to find the lexical equivalent of concepts or events, such as customs or incidents. The translator has to account for not only two languages, but also two cultures. Due to the differences between cultures, it may be impossible to find a lexical equivalent in the translated language for a concept or event. This can be due to variations in geography, traditions, beliefs, worldviews, and other differences. Thus, the translator needs to find new ways and methods in the translated language to express these ideas. There are many words and phrases in one language that may not have an exact equivalent in another when it comes to expressing ideas about economics, ecology, animals, water, mountains, and city dwellers. In the UK, for example, there are many simple words that are specific to water management and fishing, because this island nation is so heavily influenced by its relationship with the sea.
Translating requires distinguishing between cultural differences that can affect how people see the world. People of a certain culture may have a unique perspective on something that is different from how others see it. Words that appear to be equivalent can actually have different meanings. For example, the word "cho'chqa" has a negative connotation in the Uzbek language. But, in America, the word "pig" is used in a neutral sense.
Different cultures have different focuses. For example, Uzbek culture places more emphasis on architecture, farming, and traditional cuisine. The landscapes of everyday life are highly regarded. In America, however, there is more emphasis on work, making money, sports, and gaining benefits. Some societies focus more on technology, while others focus less. This difference is reflected in dictionaries that specialize in specific subjects. When discussing a particular topic, one can refer to technical and nontechnical dictionaries. If a text is obtained from a technical institution in its original language, it may be difficult to translate into another technical institution's language. If someone is translating a book about African culture, it may be difficult to find equivalents in many cases. Translating documents into the ancient Eskimo language that has not been used in centuries or from the Arabic language spoken by desert dwellers can be difficult. Since cultures are different, finding equivalents is often difficult.
The use of the word "culture" is reflected in language. For example, in America, the word "hillbilly" is used to describe people who work without thinking and are uneducated. In Uzbekistan, the word "paxta" (cotton) is often used, but in Britain, where cotton is not grown, it is not used. The word "snake" is used to refer to men, furniture, and parts of plants, and it can also mean "scary" in relation to walking on a certain path or "beautiful" in a neutral sense, depending on the context. Words can have different connotations depending on their newness or antiquity.
Generally speaking, words can be archaic, antiquated, neutral, or modern. Each language has its own archaic and antiquated words. In some cases, it may not be appropriate to incorporate modern words into the translation, as they may not be accepted. On the other hand, archaic words can be rejected by certain members of society. For example, the words "thee" and "thou" may be used by those who follow a certain religion or culture. Therefore, these words are not commonly used in modern translations.
It is necessary to study the language dictionary to understand the meanings of words and their neutral form, whether they are old, new, or modern. In some cases, old and new words may be interchanged in the translation, and the translator should take note of these situations. The best words to choose for a translation are always those that are easy to understand. Words have positive and negative meanings that are influenced by different cultures. As we mentioned earlier, some words with negative meanings can create euphemisms. The existence of euphemisms is an indication that the word in question has a negative meaning. In some cultures, it is restricted to mention the names of dead people. In others, calling a child by their ancestors' name is a sign of respect. In addition, there may be positive taboos. For instance, among the Jewish community, people use the name of God with reverence. However, in everyday conversation, simpler terms like "almighty" are used. These types of words must be taken into account in literary translations.