Content s introduction chapter methodical basis of translation theory

1.3 Huge variety of art discipline

It should be noted that age, gender, and knowledge factors also influence the choice of words in translation, even during communication. Different dictionaries are used in different situations, such as at someone's home or in ordinary conversation.

For example, the word "drunk" is used in literary speech, "tipsy" is used in oral speech, and "intoxicated" is used in formal situations. In formal situations, in radio and TV broadcasts, official speech is used. Informal speech is used in live language processes.
Formal speech has limits, while informal speech usually does not. In writing, formality is usually observed, and there are significant differences between official letters written to government agencies and personal letters using language.
Technical terminology also has special connotative features. Some people use technical and professional dictionaries to demonstrate their level of knowledge or to express professional thinking in society. The use of technical terms can be incomprehensible to those who are not aware of them. Based on who the translator is communicating with, technical terms need to be included in the translation. For medical practitioners, the bulletin translated should include words such as "incision," "lesion," and "tonsillectomy." Even a dictionary unity in one language can have a different use and expression of meaning for one province or state compared to another. For example, in the United States "cookie" refers to a type of baked treat, while in Australia it is referred to as "biscuit." It is important for the translator to understand the differences in terminology between regions and to include the appropriate translation for most understandable word. If someone needs to communicate with a local speaker, it is necessary for the translator to choose the local expressions of the region in question. In certain cultures, there are specific movements that are associated with symbolic meaning. If such movements are simply translated, their meaning is lost. In the primary language, any movement is deemed significant only if it is referring to an important concept. For example, "he nodded his head" may convey affirmation in its original language, but may not hold an equivalent symbolic meaning in a different language. In some cultures, nodding may also hold a negative meaning³.
If the movement is connected to the receiving language in a different form, it can be difficult to translate the symbolic meaning. For instance, if the original language mentions raising a fist, the translator may choose to use "anger" instead to convey the intended meaning. However, if "raising a fist" holds a different meaning in the translated language, the translation may confuse or misinterpret the content.
It is vital that symbolic movements in both languages represent the same idea for the translator to provide an accurate translation. Below are some movements, expressed in English, that hold symbolic meaning. Please take note of the period that the movement represents and natural English usage:
- Nodding (affirmation): In English, looking into someone's eyes and nodding up and down means agreement or affirmation.
- Shaking head: Shaking the head sideways means denial, rejection, or negation in English.
- Thumbs up: In English, a thumbs-up signal indicates endorsement, and serves as a sign for "good job" or "well done." It is often directed towards an individual or object on which the gesture was prompted.
- Clenched fist: In an English-speaking setting, a clenched fist is generally seen as a symbol of determination, resistance, or defiance.
- Raised eyebrows: In English, raising the eyebrows is correlated with amazement, disbelief, or astonishment.
- Winking: A wink is regarded as flirtatious, cheeky or secretive in English-speaking cultures.
1. Bumini qimirlatish. - Wrinkling up nose
2. Qoshini ko'tarish (chimirish) -- Raise eyebrow
3. Yelkasini qisish (uchirish) — Shrug of shoulders
4. Boshini qimirlatish (likirlatish)-N od of head
5. Tishini g‘ijirlatish - Clench teeth
6. Yelkasini orqaga qisish - Hands on hips, feet apart
Two languages that express the same societal fact may differ from one another. According to Edward Sapir, people who live in different societies see the world in unique ways. This concept was later confirmed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Literature and art operate under two systems within universality, meaning that they can't exist without a cultural structure, as stated by Sapir and Whorf. If language is the heart, culture would be the body, and their mutuality creates continuity of the life force. Just like how a surgeon can't operate the heart without taking into account the entire body, the culture must be considered during translation.
Linguist Roman Jakobson illustrates three types of translation in his article “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation”:
1. Interlingual translation or substitution (explaining an expression in one language using idiomatic expressions in another language);
2. Intralingual translation or rewording (explaining expressions in one language by using other expressions in the same language);
3. Intersemiotic translation (explaining expressions in one system using expressions from another system).