Content s introduction chapter methodical basis of translation theory

CHAPTER 3. GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT OF THE RESEARCH
3.1 Discussion on specific terms in art of literature.

One of the problems of translation is that the meaning of the entire text should not be reduced to the sum of its components. The given meaning in the text is based on the direct, connotative, stylistic, syntactic meanings of phrases, as well as the syntactic meanings of larger units of speech and the semantic meanings of words and phrases based on their super-segmental and lexical relationships.

Each language is characterized by its own lexico-grammatical structure, which is based on its lexical, morphological, and syntactic system. In most cases, the expression method in translation differs from one another, while the meaning can still remain the same. Therefore, knowing the characteristics of a language is considered good practice, but it is not sufficient for translation. Translators should also have a good understanding of a number of translation principles that are based on both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. During the translation process, the translator should always keep in mind the typological characteristics of both languages since the same idea can be expressed differently in different languages. For example, when translating from English to Uzbek, the similarity of English to German, the specific features of phrases, the complexity of expressing obscure references in English, the use of many words with multiple meanings, the stylistic differences between synonyms, among other things, should be taken into account. On the other hand, when translating into Uzbek, it is necessary to consider the relationship of Uzbek to Turkic languages, differences in phrase structure compared to English, the formation of more numbers in Uzbek than in English, the use of words with fewer meanings in Uzbek, and the presence of Arabic, Persian, and Mongolian words in the Uzbek lexicon, among other things. In addition, the layers of words are stylistically similar and different aspects should be taken into account. Which of the text. Determining the genre and which style is typical for adequacy in translation allows to achieve. Given that my text is stylistically and genre-wise different. To create a text with words and phrases that are not adequate serves to open the features. In every way and in every genre It is important to know the word, phrase, sentence structure is important. In translation, extralinguistic besides linguistic factors (non-scientific) factors also create problems. Desired text the content is based on non-scientific reality. By text the origin of the author, which culture he belongs to, which speaking in the language, to determine which traditions he follows possible Because the writer of each nation is the history of his nation, traditions, national ideology, mentality and the like in his works reflects. On the problems of translation practice and its theory newspaper, "World Literature" magazine, "Philology problems" ( UzJTl) magazine) somewhat regularly on the pages the various materials highlighted in the picture are also enlivening. "The world literature" in the "Translation School" section of the sentence, quite consistently. How necessary is the analysis of modern translations of the materials it covers clearly shows that. But a lot of translation studies problems are still piling up.
Famous translator scientist Nasir Kambarov draws attention to some of them: "Foreign languages are taught as a specialty in Uzbekistan considering the language, so far English, French, German and Linguistic basics of translation from Spanish to Uzbek not developed... Due to the lack of analysis of the translations made most published word meanings in dictionaries and their subtleties of meaning neglected..." Nasir Kambarov at the same time again also mentions another important issue. She is that the basics of translation editing have not been developed, and absolutely that is neglected, any guide to translation editing draws attention to the fact that it is not written. Indeed, nowadays when reading the published translated works, it is hollow, without juice and sugar. You can come across stupid sentences at every step. Some translators believe that in the fifties of the last century - still far from the materials and views of the sixties the ones that haven't moved are visible. Foreign writers, for example, Balzac, Defoe, with good intentions, present them articles are written to introduce Uzbek students. But who is the author of these works translated into Uzbek? when did he translate, what is the quality and level of the translations there is not a word of information about it. Then why were these articles written?
Circle of scientists, writers on translation they say words in their conversations, but no one is a specific work of translation and does not give an opinion about his experience. It is already known who needs and what's the point of running away with dry talk will give? The magazine "World Literature" has been published for 10years. How many valuable examples of world literature are in the Uzbek language overturned. But there is no analysis of them. Don't lie, soon Ortiqboy Abdullayev in the September 2009 issue of "World Literature", The first steps to the treasure of "Zakovat" by Kholmat Samadov A good, real analytical article has come out. In it, Plutarch, Cicero, The translations of Plato's works into Uzbek are detailed and scientific were observed and careful comments were made. However, translation regularly review the issues of analysis and editing of translated texts to forgive, to reveal scientific conclusions, translation in order to develop and raise its level necessary. Of course, the focus of such actual work is "World Literature"magazine and Adabiyot-sanati newspaper, literary and artistic in general the demand for publications is extremely strong. Translation studies it's time to rise to a new level. The grammatical structure of the language is general in its system is an aspect. Affixes, grammatical additions and word formations, syntactic models, word order, auxiliary words, etc. of language like grammatical structure elements grammatical or formal meaning, serves to show the exact form of the lexical meaning.
Translation expressing this meaning in the process of making is an important problem, Grammatical forms of different languages are rare corresponds to the meaning and function of the ulam. As a rule only have a partial equivalence, which is that grammatical meanings are grammatical is expressed through forms, however, the two languages are mutual seems to be similar, only some of the meanings are different parts match and similar meanings are different. An example for: number category in nouns in English, Russian, Uzbek seems to match, but in fact there is a lot of overlap are not compatible with each other in the use of suffixes.
But another word without suffix is English The plural form in the language is singular in Russian and Uzbek languages many examples can be given: Scissors - nojnitsy - scissors The only problem is that it is not possible to translate accurately. The meanings and grammatical structures of words in languages are usually will not be similar. We use the word "logos" as an example we explain through No word in the English language is clear to him cannot be equivalent. It is a word, an opinion, a discussion means to do, content and other meanings. Translator each should be able to choose the best equivalent in the situation.
Grammar When explaining the problem, we use tenses as an example possible Most other languages have one present tense in English there are two: “I will go; Ya wjy" means "I go/I am going" is expressed in both forms. Pronouns too full of problems. Grammatical transformations are different grammatical and lexical causes appearance. In some cases they are closely related to each other and have a lexical-grammatical character. It goes beyond grammatical transformation in translation the reason for using it is that the sentence in Russian or Uzbek is English It is explained that it does not match the grammatical structure: in the sentence word order, the difference in the order of the sentences is the preposition and the postposition is a difference in sentence order. In translation, one word group with another word group can be changed. These are full or partial transformations garden Amount. Interchanging with adjectives, nouns, verbs and adverbs in translation possible From American life: White schools - schools for white - white schools for minorities; white churches - churches for white. In translation, adjectives are often used with adverbs will be changed. This is an artistic work of grammatical transformation and epithet in journalism (literature on socio-political issues). (qualification) depends on the existence of the phenomenon. Choosing a grammatical equivalent in the same language is the following factor determined by (factors):
J ____ 1. Correspondence of meaning in grammatical form, for example: lives, lived.
2. The lexical feature of the word or word combination is shown get in shape.
3. Stylistic factors: For example, in English, Uzbek and Russian languages passive voice forms. Also, this form is mainly used in the Uzbek language limited to literary or bookish style. A translation is unintelligible without the soundness of a linguistic framework and this basis is between the target and target languages sentence interconnection and linguistic phenomenon provided by comparative study. Translation is a means of internal communication of the language. The translator is in the same language between speakers of different languages by translating information should create an opportunity to exchange information. The structure of the translation corresponds to the structure of the original text in the sequence of content or the order of text segments should not change. The goal is to translate each segment of the translation connection as much as possible with the corresponding part of the text being made a parallel high-level structure that ensures to be. Parallelism in the structure of the translation and the text being translated allows you to compare the relevant fragments, as well as with and without equivalents, as well as in translation
It is necessary to find the omitted and added elements. In short, the smallest segments of the text maintaining the similarity of the structure (structure) in the garden need The term "translation" is defined by linguists and its appropriate and precise meaning is the subject of the subject for the determiners (interpreters). It is usually a free compound translation problem does not give birth. If one of the words in free compounds is mobile if it is used in the meaning, it becomes difficult to give it in translation. In English There are several types of expressions, each of which has a translation a special approach is required. A kind of word combination adjective+noun. Their semantic structure is different from each other makes a big difference. The nature of the noun used in this combination and determines the quality. If "free educational institution" in English In the combination, the word free has nothing to do with the word institution, which means in some cases, the adjectives are the characteristics and quality of the noun can also represent concepts related to Another example. When translating the English compound "a medical man" as "a stout using the method used in translating the phrase "person". doesn't exist "a stout person" in English is translated into Uzbek as "toladan". comes or a fat person. English "a". When translating the phrase "medical man" into Uzbek, literal translation is not correct. Here two words have one meaning represents and translates as "doctor".
This is also the case in Uzbek you can find many combinations expressing one meaning. For example, "mountain sheep", "with curly hair", "wall clock" and so on. There are also cases where one noun can be defined by several adjectives occurs. In this case, there may be a noun. For example, such as "iron woman", "inner house key". In English, in most cases, nouns define words (these can be both nouns and adjectives). it will be difficult to determine. For example, "retail philanthropy business" It is easy to understand at a glance what the combination means no, because it can be understood in two ways. It is like this in Uzbek cases are rare. In the process of translation, the semantics of word combinations structural features should be taken into account. First of all It is recommended to translate the name, because it is not clear how all determine the noun, and the noun is the most important in the sentence represents the meaning. The next task of the translator is the meaning in the sentence is to separate the groups. Separate the meaning group of the sentence after taking, the type of grammatical relations between ol and quality is determined. Words that come before a noun define it if it is translated from English to Uzbek, it is Uzbek grammar based on the rules and vice versa, if it is from Uzbek to English if translated, the translation is based on the norms of English grammar will be done. In most cases, English and Uzbek are free combinations order may overlap in both languages: "Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty" - Strategic weapons restrictive covenant. A translation with a defining phrase in such content there are several ways to do it.
1. In Uzbek, the definite article comes before an English noun also translated in this order: "a cheap ticket" "an expressive word" - "expressive word".
2. In English, the phrase that comes in the form of noun+noun is the same is translated as above, in which the phrase in Uzbek is one how many expressions can be correct: "opposition leader" - "opposition leader", "opposition leader", "opposition leader".
3. English phrases defining nouns into Uzbek translated with the help of conjunctions: "youth unemployment" - "youth unemployment".
4. English definition and noun in Uzbek can be translated by: "his millionaire friend" — "his a millionaire friend."
5. Sometimes a part of an English phrase is used figuratively, that is, it can be translated using several words: "a bargain counter" -"discounted goods store (department) ".
6. Translation with a phrase that contains a qualifier in the English language in most cases, a specific word/noun in the phrase changing to another name is necessary and recommended. For example, "free educational institutions" translated into Uzbek as "free higher education should be translated as "countries", because the word "free" means "institutions" not a noun, but related to the word "educational". Same idea. He is also associated with the Parliamentary Labor Party. This phrase "Parliamentary faction of the Labor Party" in Uzbek translation fully complies with the rules of the grammar of the Uzbek language will come. In order to give a complete translation, in some cases the qualifier it is intended to be translated with another noun used in the same sentence will be compatible. As an example, the combination "dismal array of titles". let's see. Literal translation of this phrase into Uzbek to do undermines the meaning, so it is "dismal" by defining the noun "array" and not the noun "titles", for coming, the compound is called "the worst (audible or to the ear it should be translated as a collection of nicknames.
7. Defined phrases in English in most cases It is translated into Uzbek with the following phrases:
to be
to have
to give + A + N phrase
to take
The following examples can be given to the above samples : "to have a good sleep" - "to take a deep sleep". breath" - "to take a deep breath", to give a loud whistle" - "hard to whistle", "to have a good lunch" - "good (delicious food). eat) have lunch" and so on⁵.