Contents introduction chapter I. Bases of english language and its stylistic layers

Contents and structure of this work. The research work consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography.
In the introduction the choice of research topic, determine its purpose and goals, reveals the theoretical importance and practical value, with the main provisions for the defense, stated the contents of the chapters.
The first chapter provides the assumptions of research, outlines the necessary theoretical concepts, and points used in linguistic terms, influence of historical events to the English language, also determines the difference between formal scientific language and slang.
The second chapter is considered a portable nomination traits according to the differences between speaking, writing, teaching formal and informal English.
Besides that it deals with the types of informal language learning, differentiates methods of teaching formal and informal language and in common analyzes difference between Formal and Informal English.
Finally, the results of the study are summarized, with the main conclusion.
The paper ends with a bibliography.


CHAPTER I. BASES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ITS STYLISTIC LAYERS

1. 
   Influence of historical events to the English language.
   

Sixteen centuries ago a wave of settlers from northern Europe came to the British Isles speaking a mix of Germanic dialects thick with consonants and complex grammatical forms. Today we call that dialect Old English, the ancestor of the language nearly one in five people in the world speaks every day.
The Old English of the Anglo-Saxon era developed into Middle English, the language as spoken between the Norman Conquest and the late 15th century. A significant influence on the shaping of Middle English came from contact with the North Germanic languages spoken by the Scandinavians who conquered and colonized parts of Britain during the 8th and 9th centuries; this contact led to much lexical borrowing and grammatical simplification.
Another important influence came from the conquering Normans, who spoke a form of French called Old Norman, which in Britain developed into Anglo-Norman. Many Norman and French loanwords entered the language in this period, especially in vocabulary related to the church, the court system and the government.
Old English consisted of a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in different parts of Britain. The Late West Saxon dialect eventually became dominant; however, a greater input to Middle English came from the Anglian dialects. Global geographic variation between different English dialects and accents remains significant today. Scots, a form of English traditionally spoken in parts of Scotland and the north of Ireland, is often regarded as a separate language.
The system of orthography that became established during the Middle English period is by and large still in use today - later changes in pronunciation, however, combined with the adoption of various foreign spellings, mean that the spelling of modern English words appears highly irregular.
Middle English is the form of English spoken roughly from the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066 until the end of the 15th century.
For centuries after the Conquest, the Norman kings and high-ranking nobles in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles spoke Anglo-Norman, a variety of Old Norman, originating from a northern langue d’oïl dialect. Merchants and lower-ranked nobles were often bilingual in Anglo-Norman and English, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Middle English was influenced by both Anglo-Norman, and later Anglo-French.
Old English consisted of a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in different parts of Britain. The Late West Saxon dialect eventually became dominant; however, a greater input to Middle English came from the Anglian dialects. Global geographic variation between different English dialects and accents remains significant today. Scots, a form of English traditionally spoken in parts of Scotland and the north of Ireland, is often regarded as a separate language.
Who are the English? That’s a very good question, and by going back through history to find the answer, we can also learn about the history of the English. 
Britain is a small island and over the centuries and it has been invaded many times. The earliest inhabitants were the Celts. They occupied Britain for possibly 1000 years, but then the Romans invaded in about 55 BC. The Romans, of course, spoke Latin, and as they brought Christianity to Britain, Latin was the language of the church, and therefore of all writing at that time - only the monks learned to write! But Latin did not stay as a spoken language after the Romans left in 400 AD.
But what happened to the native Celts, the original people of Britain? The invading Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and Normans pushed the Celts to the far regions of Britain - to Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Cornwall. The languages of these regions are completely different to English! But that’s another story!
While formal language theory usually concerns itself with formal languages that are described by some syntactical rules, the actual definition of the concept "formal language" is only as above: a (possibly infinite) set of finite-length strings composed from a given alphabet, no more nor less. In practice, there are many languages that can be described by rules, such as regular languages or context-free languages. The notion of a formal grammar may be closer to the intuitive concept of a “language”, one described by syntactic rules. By an abuse of the definition, a particular formal language is often thought of as being equipped with a formal grammar that describes it.
Linguists have developed remarkable tools for charting how languages change over time. In this course, you will employ these tools to investigate four specific areas:
Pronunciation: As you can see from the Old English sample above, the sound of English has changed radically. The best known example is the Great Vowel Shift, a systematic change in the pronunciation of vowels that occurred in the 15th and 16th centuries. Professor Lerer’s reading of several lines from Shakespeare's Richard III shows that the shift was not yet complete in the Elizabethan age.
Grammar and Morphology: Grammar describes the way words work together, and morphology describes their form, such as whether nouns and verbs are inflected. The evolution of such features is fascinating to observe, as in the Old English and Middle English expression methinks, where me is not the subject but rather the indirect object. The compound translates as “it seems to me”.
Meaning (Semantic Change): Words change meaning. Take the word silly, which comes from the root selig, meaning blessed. Over time, the word came to describe not the inner spiritual state of being blessed but the observed behavior of someone who acts foolishly. When reading an older text, beware that seemingly familiar words may not mean what you think.
Attitudes toward Language Change: What are we to make of the wide variation in language use across the people who speak English? The 18th-century English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrestled with this challenge while compiling his famous dictionary. The debate is reflected in today’s debate over prescriptivism (the idea that correct linguistic behavior should be taught) versus descriptivism (the idea that linguistic behavior should only be described).
From English to American. Published in London in the mid-18th century, Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language was the first reference work used as we use a dictionary today: as a source for every-day, individual questions on spelling, pronunciation, and grammatical usage.
Another influential dictionary figures prominently in the last third of the course, which focuses on English in America. In the early 19th century, Noah Webster compiled a dictionary devoted to America’s forthright and commonsensical relationship with the English language.
From this core sample of English over the centuries, you begin your journey. Professor Lerer proceeds chronologically, beginning with the roots of English in the postulated ancient languages known as Indo-European, probably spoken 5,000 to 6,000 years ago by a group of agricultural peoples living around the Black Sea.