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Khamidov, Alisher, “Explaining the Emergence o f the Hizb ut-Tarir in Kyrgyzstan: Structure, Change
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- 177 McGregor, Andrew, “Caliphate in Central Asia: Islamist Ambition or Political Fantasy” In: Cultural Interaction and Conflict in Central and Inner Asia.
- Gillian Long. Toronto Studies in Central and Inner Asia, No. 6, Asian Institute, Toronto: University of Toronto, 2004, p. 334. 178 Op.cit.
- 181 McKay, Jonathan, p. 2. 182 McGregor, Andrew, p. 332. 183 The above IMU statement is signed by Al-Zubayr ibn ‘Abdur Raheem, Head o f the Religious
- New Haven London: Yale University Press, 2002, pp. 247-249.
- 184 Khamidov, Alisher, p. 254. 185 Op.cit.
- The Story of My Paternal Uncle Mirzakal
- 186 “Momun” comes from Ar. “mu’min” which means “believer, one who preserves safety.” It implies the
- Oneworld, 2002. p. 157). In Central Asian culture, momun is a very kind person with a soft language and character and thus does no harm to anyone.
- (pilaf) and to entertain themselves by engaging in a conversation and telling jokes.
- 189 Khamidov, Alisher, p. 257.
176 Khamidov, Alisher, “Explaining the Emergence o f the Hizb ut-Tarir in Kyrgyzstan: Structure, Change, Choice.” In: Cultural Interaction and Conflict in Central and Inner Asia. Papers presented at the Central and Inner Asia Seminar, University of Toronto, 3-4 May 2002 and 23-24 May 2003. Eds. Michael Gervers, Uradyn E. Bulag, Gillian Long. Toronto Studies in Central and Inner Asia, No. 6, Asian Institute, Toronto: University o f Toronto, 2004, p. 249. 177 McGregor, Andrew, “Caliphate in Central Asia: Islamist Ambition or Political Fantasy?” In: Cultural Interaction and Conflict in Central and Inner Asia. Papers presented at the Central and Inner Asia Seminar, University o f Toronto, 3-4 May 2002 and 23-24 May 2003. Eds. Michael Gervers, Uradyn E. Bulag, Gillian Long. Toronto Studies in Central and Inner Asia, No. 6, Asian Institute, Toronto: University of Toronto, 2004, p. 334. 178 Op.cit. 179 Khamidov, Alisher, p. 257. 180 Ibid., p. 249. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 179 1990’s, many religious groups and parties such as HT, found the socio-economic and religious environments quite favorable in Kyrgyzstan, called an “Island of Democracy” in Central Asia. The government of Uzbekistan did not allow any Islamic revivalists to grow and function on its territory and therefore, its religious leaders shifted their focus to neighboring Kyrgyzstan. In 1998, one of the most active religious groups in Uzbekistan was the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), which was originally established in Uzbekistan’s Namangan province of the Ferghana Valley. Many conservative Uzbek men and women who grew beard and wore hijab were labeled as Wahhabis, “even though they had no or very little connection with Saudi Royal family.”181 In 1991, together with other militants, the Movement’s leaders, Tahir Yuldash and Juma Namangani, created an Islamic “mini-state” in the Valley in opposition to President Karimov’s secular government.182 In 1999, after being accused of carrying out a major bombing in Tashkent, many armed members of the Movement fled to Kyrgyzstan’s southern mountainous region of Batken, where they challenged the Kyrgyz army. Now stationed in Kyrgyzstan, the IMU called for a jihad: The primary objective for this declaration of Jihad is the establishment of an Islamic state with the application of the Sharia, founded upon the Koran and the Noble Prophetic sunnah. Also from amongst the goals of the declaration of Jihad is: The defense of our religion of Islam in our land against those who oppose Islam... The Islamic Movement warns the Uzbek government in Tashkent from propping up or supporting the fight against the Muslims....The reason for the start of the Jihad in Kyrgyzstan is due to the stance of the ruler Askar Akayev in Bishkek, in arresting thousands of Muslim Uzbeks who had migrated as refugees to Kyrgyzstan and were handed over to Karimov’s henchmen... 181 McKay, Jonathan, p. 2. 182 McGregor, Andrew, p. 332. 183 The above IMU statement is signed by Al-Zubayr ibn ‘Abdur Raheem, Head o f the Religious Leadership of the Islamic Movement o f Uzbekistan, 25 August, 1999, See: Rashid Ahmed, Jihad, The Rise o f Militant Islam in Central Asia. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2002, pp. 247-249. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 180 According to Alisher Khamidov, the ethnic Uzbeks, as the largest minority group in Kyrgyzstan, feeling excluded from political participation and pressured in the economic sphere, became engaged in radical Islam.184 However, in recent years, the party’s composition has crossed ethnic lines. Since HT is an underground organization, the exact number of its members remains unknown. According to local estimates in the Ferghana Valley, HT has about 10% of Uzbekistan’s 26 million population. The official estimate of HT membership in Kyrgyzstan is 3,000 people, however, in 2001, it is said that the number of HT members reached 6,000 in Kyrgyzstan.185 HT is officially banned in Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan. The official Islam, administered by the Muftiy of the Kyrgyz Republic, functions in cooperation with the state in condemning HT and its activities. Through official newspapers and journals, Muslim clergy explain to the people the difference between Central Asian Islam and other fundamentalist Islamic groups such as HT, which are coming from foreign countries. During my interview with Muratal'i Aji Jumanov, the Muftiy of Kyrgyzstan he said followings: In Central Asian Islam, our aqiyda (creed) is ahli sunna va jamaa (Community of Sunni believers). There are four mashabs [schools]. However, in Kyrgyzstan there are many misunderstandings about the
are dangerous. They are small religious sects or fundamental groups, which are creating a lot of problems. Groups like the Wahhabi and Hizb ut-Tahrir manipulate the religion. We are Sunni Muslims, who obey the sunnahs of the Prophet Muhhamad, whereas, the Shi’ite Muslims, e.g., Iranians, do not accept the Prophet Muhammad [!!], but rather his fourth Sahaba, Ali. They make a stone out of the soil where Ali died and pray by placing that stone in front of them. 184 Khamidov, Alisher, p. 254. 185 Op.cit. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 181 For the past three years the membership of HT has been growing in Kizil-Jar as well. During my interview with Si'di'q Moldo, imam of Kizil-Jar he described to me his official duty as an imam of the town and the activities at the mosque, which was built in the mid-1990s. At the time when I interviewed him, he had been serving as an imam at this mosque for almost five years. The local mosque offers religious teachings for the public and restrains people, mostly youngsters, from doing bad things. Every day before prayers he conducts maruza, i.e., he teaches people how to respect the elderly, how to wash before prayer, how to use the toilet, etc. In his Friday sermons S'id'ik Moldo talks about morality using Hadith (tradition, i.e., deeds and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions). In addition, Sidik Moldo teaches young men, most of whom are high school graduates about traditional Islam and explains them the difference between orthodox Islam and fundamentalist groups such as HT. The majority of his students are Kyrgyz, a few of them are Uzbeks. Sidik Moldo notes that usually, it is the parents who want their children to study at the medrese (religious schools), because they fear that their sons might join fundamentalist religious organizations. All imams receive orders or fatwas in Arabic from the Republic’s Muftiyat, which controls their work. Sidik Moldo states: “It is not good if you say something wrong or against the state. We do not engage in politics.” He is very much against the creation of an Islamic caliphate: “In the Nur
comes, Allah might create it for you. Until then, no one knows when it will happen. Only Allah knows.” Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 182 He believes that the young people join HT because they lack religious knowledge. Secondly, he notes, it is a struggle for power. Some young men come to the mosque and tell others that the prayers should be done this way and another group comes and says “No, they should be done that way.” And this creates conflicts among the religious clergy and others being influenced by fundamentalists or other foreign forms of Islam. Unlike many ordinary Kyrgyz, learned imams like Sidik Moldo can tell the difference between Central Asian Islam and Islam practiced in other parts of the Muslim world such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. One major difference is that in these countries people usually pray without wearing anything on their heads, whereas in Central Asia both men and women wear a hat or scarf during the prayer. Now Arab Muslims are coming and lecturing local imams on the “correct” way to pray. Another difference Sidik Moldo noted is that in these countries, people do not recite the Quran after meals: “They just leave the dastorkon (tablecloth with food on it) without saying oomiyin (amen) by stroking their faces with their palms. They do not have a custom for giving blessings at a feast.” There are many state registered and underground medreses now in Central Asia and each teaches prayers, the Quran and hadith differently. In Kyrgyzstan, all state medreses follow the rules written by the Muftiyat. Again these inconsistencies in religious teachings are creating misunderstandings and conflicts among the clergy and people. During my last visit in summer of 2 0 0 5 ,1 was told most of my male classmates and their wives had also joined HT. One of my classmates is from my clan, and he lived across the street from my parents' house. One day my so-called “Hizbut” classmates invited me for a dinner at his house. There were six of them, and I was the only female Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
183 there. We sat around a dastorkon and inquired about each other’s well-being and work. They asked me what I was writing my dissertation on. The topic of my work led to an interesting discussion about the politics of Islam and the Islamic revival in Kizil-Jar. They did not say they were members of HT, but they openly and passionately expressed their strong faith in Islam and how it had changed their life for the better. I was personally happy for them that they had found something to fill that spiritual void inside them. They all told me that before they had submitted to Islam, they had lived without hope or goals. Every time they used to gather, they would drink vodka and get into fights with one another. After “reentering” Islam they became good people. One of them said that, before, they would dance with each other’s wives at parties, but now they would never do this. Islam has helped them to improve their relationships with their wives, they said. They named their children after religious historical personalities in Islam. They were angry with some of their high school male teachers, who, despite their role as educators, still drank alcohol. One of my classmates even confronted his former teacher, saying he should not be teaching at the school. He said that every time he accused someone of alcohol consumption, they would ask him: “Oh, since when did you become a good man?!” And he would reply: “Since submitting to Allah.” In my recent telephone conversation with my mother, I learned that HT is still continuing their illegal activities in Kizil-Jar. She said that there is a group of Kyrgyz girls who are coming to the middle school wearing scarves and long dresses. When they first appeared in their classroom, the principal expelled them. Their parents, however, went to the regional district administration and complained about the principal. Somehow, they were given permission to attend the school wearing their hijab. It is said Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
184 that HT pays these young girls 500 soms (about $12 USD) per month for wearing a scarf. In other words they are mostly targeting families with poor economic and educational background. Young girls with poor self-esteem and with low grades become easily brainwashed. According to my mother, people fear that these girls may even be used as suicide bombers in the future. The Story of My Paternal Uncle Mirzakal (from a momun186 man to a fanatic Muslim) Before the years 2000-2001, people in Kizil-Jar had only a vague awareness of HT and its religious and political goals. Being radical Islamists or pious Muslims was usually associated with ethnic Uzbeks, not Kyrgyz. However, the last time I visited, to conduct my research in 2002, I was surprised to learn that HT was present among my own relatives. My paternal uncle Mirzakal had become a very dedicated HT member and had created many problems for himself, his children, wife, and parents. He had begun his religious learning when he and his family were living in Uzbekistan. Before moving to Kizil-Jar in 1998, my paternal relatives and uncles all lived in the Namangan province of Uzbekistan. In the early 1990’s, I remember visiting my grandparents in their Uzbek village. At that time my uncle Mirzakal, who was in his early 30’s, had joined some local group of Uzbek men who gathered regularly for ziyofat or gap,m (Uzbek women gather separately for gap) traditional social gatherings or small parties popular among ethnic 186 “Momun” comes from Ar. “mu’min” which means “believer, one who preserves safety.” It implies the “safety and surety in the world o f Islam.” (Gordon D. Newby. A Concise Encyclopedia o f Islam, Oxford: Oneworld, 2002. p. 157). In Central Asian culture, momun is a very kind person with a soft language and character and thus does no harm to anyone. 187 Gap is a small traditional party among Uzbek men who occasionally get together at one o f their homes to have a nice meal, usually osh (pilaf) and to entertain themselves by engaging in a conversation and telling jokes. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 185 Uzbeks. At these social gatherings, they spread the HT ideology and discussed ways of solving socio-economic and political problems.188 In 1996, when I visited my uncle’s family in Uzbekistan, I was surprised at how his oldest daughter, Guljan, who was only six years old, recited surahs (chapters) from the Qu’ran in Arabic. I recorded her recitation. My uncle had taught her those surahs. Her parents and grandparents were proud of her. Later, by 1999 all my paternal relatives had sold their houses in Uzbekistan and moved back to Ki'z'il-Jar, which was their original winter home. Later, my uncle Mirzakal also moved to Kizil-Jar with his family. In Ki'zi'l-Jar my uncle could not continue his religious learning for there was no such gap circles among the Kyrgyz men. But he regularly went to the Friday prayers at the local mosque. Not long after, HT cells began operating in Kizil-Jar by distributing leaflets about HT’s ideas and calling for religious reform. My uncle became one of the most active and dedicated members of the group, which met secretly at night. His wife would complain that my uncle would come home very late after midnight and would not say where he had been. Later, my uncle forced his three daughters to wear the hijab, which is a scarf worn in a particular way and to observe the prayers. My aunt refused to wear the hijab for about two years, and finally, in 2004 she too joined HT after my uncle threatened to marry another HT woman if she did not pray five times a day and wear the hijab. He sent his oldest son to a medrese in Jalal-Abad, one of the provincial capital cities in southern Kyrgyzstan. His daughters were expelled from the middle school for several months because of their hijab. The HT members preached fundamentals of Islam everyday and whenever and wherever they could. As Khamidov notes, they used various social gatherings and events
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 186 189
such as weddings, funerals and memorial feasts to spread the party’s ideology. Many
elderly people, who traditionally had held a respected position in the society, became very angry with some of the young Kyrgyz HT who had assumed a self-granted religious authority to teach people how to be good Muslims. In the winter of 2003, when I was doing research in my hometown, the town’s militia arrested my uncle Mirzakal for illegal distribution of religious pamphlets. The militia searched his home and found newspapers and books published underground by HT. My father, grandmother, my aunt and other uncles, and I went to the local militia office where my uncle was kept in a small room. Since the militia knew our family, they allowed us to come in and try to convince him to stop distributing the illegal papers. Every one of us tried to tell him that what he was doing is dangerous for him and his family. My grandmother cried and begged him to get out of this group. My uncle stood firm and did not want to give up his religious principles. He said he was not afraid of anyone or anything except Allah. He did not mind going to jail if that was what was written on his forehead. All our efforts were in vain, as my uncle did not stop preaching Islam to us nor to the militiamen, who, the next day, seeing the tears in my grandmother’s eyes, let him go with a strict warning. Besides preaching, my uncle earned his living by selling flour on the local market. He bought the flour from Uzbek merchants on the other side of the Nari'n river for cheaper price and sold it in Ki'zi'l-Jar for more expensive price. That very day, my grandparents, great uncles, and uncles all gathered at my parents’ house to discuss my uncle Mirzakal’s problem. They were saying what happened to our momun son? They invited the local imam and another elderly mullah in town to
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 187 carry out a chillayasin for my uncle. “Chilla” comes from the Persian word “forty”, and “Ya-Sin” are the initial letters of the 36th surah of the Qur’an. No one knows the meaning of these letters. Ya-Sin is considered the heart of the Qur’an and it is usually recited for a dying person to make his soul leave without difficulty.190 In Central Asia, mullahs also recite the Ya-Sin surah forty times for a mentally sick person. By preaching almost day and night in Ki'zi'l-Jar and in other villages around it, my uncle had become exhausted, skinny, and unhealthy. By listening to how my uncle spoke about Islamic principles and tortures in hell, we knew something was wrong with him, because he was so deeply involved in his mission; in other words what he was trying to do was unrealistic and risky. My great-uncle Anarbay said: “Oolugup kalgan,” “His mind is disturbed,” an expression used in traditional pre-Islamic belief and healing practices. It was a very ironic situation for my uncle, i.e., he himself was a mullah but had to be treated by another mullah or imam for having a disturbed mind. In the beginning he refused to be read the chillayasin, then he did not mind it. The imam and my uncles all told him that he could be a pious Muslim and do good work without being involved in political Islam. But he did not want to listen. Later that year he and one of my classmates were again detained by the local militia for illegal distribution of HT pamphlets. The regional court gave him a one-year jail sentence in the city of Osh. My grandparents gave up hope. He was released after a year and returned home and continued selling flour in the local market, but also resumed his previous religious activities by going on dawat (dawa), religious preaching. His wife agreed to wear the hijab and pray five times a day after he returned from jail. When I visited home the last time in the summer of 2005,1 was surprised to see his wife
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