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- 22 My father graduated from an Uzbek school in Uzbekistan, but received his higher education in history from the Kyrgyz National University in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan.
- 23 Agay is a respected term o f address used by students for their male teachers.
- Ethnographic Research Experience in My Hometown.
- 24 See my wedding description on the Silk Road Seattle website. http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/culture/wedding/wedding.html
22 year, my father took me and two of his female cousins of my age to Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan to apply to a university. Kyrgyzstan, like many other newly independent republics, had begun to carry out some educational reforms. We did not know before we came to Bishkek which university we would choose. One of the major reforms in the educational system was that students were allowed to apply to more than one department or university at the same time. I applied to two Kyrgyz Philology departments and one Russian language and literature department at two different schools: Kyrgyz State National University, the oldest university in Kyrgyzstan, and the Pedagogical Institute of Russian Language and Literature University (which was going to be renamed as the “University of Languages and Humanities,” now called Bishkek University of Humanities). I was lucky to be accepted by all three departments. I chose the newly opened department of Kyrgyz philology at the Pedagogical Institute, because of two Kyrgyz professors who promised a great future for the department and for the 22 My father graduated from an Uzbek school in Uzbekistan, but received his higher education in history from the Kyrgyz National University in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 announcement at the board of the Kyrgyz Philology department where it was said that the department especially encourages talented students who write poetry, sing, or play traditional instruments. This attracted me and my father because I play the komuz and sing traditional Kyrgyz songs. My father and I went to one of the musical instrument shops in Bishkek and he bought me a new komuz, which I brought with me to the examination interview. The new chair of the Kyrgyz Philology Department, Sulayman Kayipov, a leading folklorist who himself plays the komuz, gave me an oral exam. While I was preparing for my exam questions in the examination classroom with six other students, Sulayman agay23 entered the classroom and saw my komuz on my desk and asked me about my onor, that is skill, or talent. By grabbing my komuz he said to me with a smile, “Would you like to compete with me in playing komuzl I was not shy and I replied back: “I cannot play melodies well, but I can compete with you in a singing contest.” His eyes lit up with surprise and he laughed with happiness. After he gave me my oral exam, Sulayman agay told me that he liked my bold answer, and he questioned me as to which other universities I was applying. When I mentioned other departments, he asked me seriously to promise him to choose his department, and we shook hands as an agreement. Meanwhile, all the parents waited nervously in the hot sun outside the University building for their student-to-be daughters and sons. Those students who passed the exams came out running with bright smiles, holding their piece of paper, whereas those who didn’t came out with their heads down crying. As soon as I came out the building, my father knew that I had passed.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 32 I lived in the University’s dormitory with girls who came from other rural areas of the country. Bishkek was a big city for rural girls like us. The first two years of our study coincided with the very harsh economic crisis which hit not only Kyrgyzstan but all of the newly independent post-Soviet republics. All of a sudden, the shelves of the city’s grocery stores became empty, and we were left with only bread and tea. SometimesT the stores ran out of bread too. The monthly student stipends were not given to the students on time. During the winter of 1992, the newly independent government of Kyrgyzstan faced its worst economic crisis. It could not feed its students, especially those from the countryside living in the dorms, and it asked the parents and the local state farms and village administrations in the countryside to bring humanitarian aid in food supplies to their own students studying in the cities. Each rayon, or regional administration, brought truck loads of food supplies, including meat, flour, sugar, cooking oil, rice, potatoes, carrots, and so on, and distributed it to the starving students on major streets and near the dormitories. In addition, many students received special food packages from their parents. My grandparents sent me sursiigon et, dried salty meet, chabati, (very thin, flat bread baked in the sides of a kazan, a cast iron cauldron), sari' may, yellow clarified butter, and my favorite snack kurut, which is small dried balls of sour curd made in the mountains from whole milk. Kurut kept me and my friends full because it is very nutritious. Like our nomadic ancestors, we crumbled pieces of chabati bread into our bowls, added three te or four balls of kurut, and poured boiling water over them, so they would disintegrate. In this way, we survived the economic hardships of the post-Soviet collapse in the early 1990s. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 33 In the winter of 1994, the president of the Bishkek University of the Humanities, Kadi'ral'i Konkobayev, who is himself a Turkologist, announced that there was going to be a possibility for a student to go to the United States to study. We were not told any details about which university in the United States, and what the requirements and eligibilities would be. One day, when I was sitting in one of my seminar classes, the chair of our department, Sulayman agay, opened the door and asked the teacher whether I could be excused for a moment. I went out of my class and greeted Sulayman agay, who told me that the rector, head of the University, wanted to talk to me. On our way to the rector’s office, Sulayman agay surprised me, asking a very unexpected question, “Would you like to go to America?” I thought he was joking. When we entered the rector’s office, the rector asked me the same question again. My immediate reaction was “Ii, sizge,” “I can’t believe it!” When they assured me that they had chosen me, I said: “But I’m not qualified to go!” I was thinking that I do not know English well, but most importantly, it was unimaginable at that time for students from the countryside or for children of ordinary families to go abroad to study. Kadirali agay then explained about the new exchange agreement that they had signed between our University and the University of Washington in Seattle. I was told that Professor Ilse Cirtautas, one of the leading western Turkologists, had initiated this exchange program during her visit to Bishkek. Professor Cirtautas wanted a student who had good grades, who spoke Kyrgyz, and who could represent Kyrgyz culture. In other words, she did not want a Russified Kyrgyz student. My rector asked me to write a short biographic essay about myself and send it to Prof. Cirtautas. In my essay, I talked about my family background, hobbies and interests, and most importantly, my singing and playing the komuz. Not long after that I heard the good Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
34 news that I had been accepted into the University of Washington. Stunned by this unbelievable opportunity, I rushed to the central telephone to call my parents. I remember standing in the telephone booth and telling to my father that I was going to America. My father remained silent for a moment and said “Are you really sure?!” After the spring semester, I went back home. My parents gave a farewell offering for me by killing a sheep, and invited all our relatives and neighbors. Everyone was very happy and proud of me, but at the same time, they were worried about the fact that I was going to a very far away place where I did not know anyone. My mother was a bit hesitant, but the fact that I was going to stay with Professor Cirtautas gave her peace of mind. Thus, on July 30th, 1994, together with Kyrgyz elderly gentleman whose daughter was teaching Kyrgyz at the Central Asian Language and Culture Summer Program at the University of Washington, I flew to Moscow with Aeroflot Airlines. In Moscow’s Sheremet’evo-2 International airport, I met a Kazakh girl who was going to Seattle on a similar exchange program between her university in Almaty, the former capital of Kazakhstan, and the University of Washington. When we got into the biggest Russian airplane, the IL-86,1 was very scared and began missing home already and cried. The elderly Kyrgyz gentleman, who sat behind me, comforted me by saying that I should not cry, but be very happy to have this unique opportunity which many other students do not have. Thus, we arrived in Seattle in the evening time and we were met by Gulnara Jamasheva, the daughter of the elderly man. We approached the city’s downtown with its high-rise buildings and lit-up skyscrapers while riding in a big car (I think it was an older version of a Cadillac), and I felt as if I was in an American movie. All the houses in the residential streets looked like those in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
35 fairy tales. The Kazakh girl, Ainura, and I were brought to Professor Cirtautas’ apartment around 10:00pm. She was already waiting for us outside the building. Ainura had already met her when she was in Almaty, whereas I was meeting her for the first time. She was very happy to see us and greeted us in Kazakh and hugged both of us. Prof. Cirtautas told us that one of us would be sleeping in the neighboring apartment next to her own, and one of us would sleep in her apartment. Since Ainura knew her personally, she went to her place. Now I was left alone in a strange apartment to spend my first night in America. I could not fall asleep for a long time. The next day we told Prof. Cirtautas that we want to stay in the same apartment. She told us that it had only one bed. When we said that the bed was big enough to fit both of us, she smiled and said, “Alright.” We did not know people did not share bed with another person in America. Another mistake we made was sometimes that we would walk arm in arm. Seeing us once, another Kazakh student, who knew American culture better than us, warned us that we should never hold each other’s hands because people would think we are lesbians. I heard this word for the first time in America.
My first impression of the University of Washington’s campus was the most memorable. It was summer time, so everywhere was green and clean. Squirrels were running all over the place. The city’s cool air reminded me of the summer pastures in Kyrgyzstan. The architecture of the University buildings gave the image of medieval times in Europe. In short, I fell in love with the city’s beautiful nature and the people who were very polite and always ready to help. We were introduced to American students who were enrolled in the Central Asian Language and Culture Summer Program. They were interested in knowing about us and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
36 about our culture. Ainura and I had brought with us our national instruments, the Kazakh dombra, and the Kyrgyz komuz. Ainura and I performed for the students and at other cultural events on campus many times. I was quite proud to be the first Kyrgyz to introduce American audiences in Seattle to recitations from the Manas, the Kyrgyz national epic. Except those students and professors interested in Central Asia, people in Seattle did not know about Kyrgyzstan. They always confused it with Kurdistan, even though such a country does not exist. I gave many formal and informal presentations about Kyrgyzstan, and musical performances of Kyrgyz traditional music, and people in Seattle called me a cultural ambassador of Kyrgyzstan to the USA. Unlike my Kazakh friend Ainura, who spoke a little bit of English, I knew almost no English when I came to the University of Washington. According to the University’s requirement, both of us enrolled in the ESL classes on campus in addition to the other courses required of undergraduate students. It was very challenging and difficult to switch to a different educational system and academic learning style. Most importantly, writing papers was the most difficult task for us. However, we were very fortunate to have Professor Cirtautas and other American friends who helped us with our papers. The teachers of our ESL and English composition classes were also understanding, and kind enough to give us some extra time to write our critical papers in English. Writing papers was quite challenging for both of us because we were not taught in Soviet schools to think critically or to analyze literary and scholarly works. At the beginning of the academic year, towards the end of September, a group of other Kazakh students, funded by the Kazakh President’s national program called Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
37 Bolashak (Future), came to the University of Washington. These seven students stayed in the University’s dormitories. We usually hung out together. All of the Kazakh students, with the exception of two, spoke in Russian because they were from Almaty and had gone to Russian schools. After studying for a year at University, there was another chance given for those who wished to stay and had good grades for a second year. My Kazakh friend, Ainura, however, decided to return home because she was very homesick. I was also homesick, and I cried a lot because I could not talk to my parents who lived in a town where one could not call directly. But I knew that it was my only chance and it would be very unwise to let this second opportunity go. After the end of the Central Asian Language and Culture Summer Program, where I assisted Prof. Cirtautas in teaching Kyrgyz, I was able to visit home for about a month and a half. Everyone at home asked me why I became very skinny and pale. I said that I was homesick a lot and there was not much sunshine in Seattle.
I received both of my BA (1996) and MA (1998) degrees from the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization at University of Washington. Upon receiving my M.A, my parents, professors, and friends all encouraged me to apply to the doctoral program, and I did. Between 1994 and 1998, I was able to visit home three times in late summer. During my third visit home in 1998, I got engaged, as the Americans say, to my “high school sweetheart” in the traditional way (there were exchange of gifts between the future in-laws; the groom’s mother brought golden earrings and put them on my ears) and the next year, when I returned home after defending my Ph.D. candidacy, we got married and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38 had a unique traditional wedding.24 In 1999, we newlyweds returned to Seattle to finish my Ph.D.
In the summer of 2002, my husband and I left for our hometown Kizil-Jar in southern Kyrgyzstan. This was my fifth visit home and my longest stay since 1994, the year in which I first came to the United States. All of my previous stays in Kyrgyzstan during summer breaks were usually not longer than a month and a half. I received a small fellowship from the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization for my 18 months of fieldwork. The Open Society Institute, Soros Foundation, paid my round trip travel expenses between Seattle and Bishkek. Since I conducted my research in my hometown, I did not need much financial support to pay for my living expenses. When my husband and I left Seattle in June of 2002 for Kyrgyzstan, I was seven months pregnant with my son, Erbol, to whom I gave birth in Bishkek on September 29th. Since this was my first visit home after I got married, my status as a young married woman or kelin, brought changes and adaptations in my personal identity and in my relationships with my own parents, and my husband’s parents. The major change during this visit was that as a married woman, according to Kyrgyz tradition, I had to stay in my husband’s parent’s house. Although I knew and understood my traditional role and status as a married woman, I was not very happy 24 See my wedding description on the Silk Road Seattle website. http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/culture/wedding/wedding.html Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39 about the fact that I had to pass by my own parent’s house, where I always came during my previous home visits as a single girl. My parents, siblings, and relatives also felt awkward because they were used to receiving me in their home, where they normally made a kuday offering for my safe homecoming, by killing a sheep or goat. Instead, my husband’s family offered us a kuday, to which they had invited their own relatives and neighbors. After two days I visited my parents’ house. My parents too offered kuday, and I met my own relatives and neighbors. In September I gave birth to my son in Bishkek. Then the four of us, my mother, my husband, baby Erbol, and myself, who had now acquired another new status of being a mother, were happy to return to our hometown. During my stay and research in my hometown, I had several duties as a native of that town. From the day of my arrival in my hometown until my departure, I mostly conformed to local traditions and customs as is expected of a married woman and daughter-in-law. My personal experiences and interactions with my family, relatives and townspeople in general, enriched my life by filling the socio-cultural and spiritual emptiness or void that was created in the far away and foreign culture of the United States. Secondly, my longer stay gave fruitful results and deepened my knowledge about my own people and culture. I developed more appreciation and respect for many traditional values and customs, and most importantly, for the everyday regular human interactions which are vital in leading a healthy, happy, full and complete life. At the same time, however, my position and status as a scholar/anthropologist required me to make certain exceptions or “excuses” in terms of my personal relationship with people and in behavioral manners in order to accomplish my academic tasks. For example, I Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
40 stayed with my husband and son in my mother-in-law’s three bedroom room house. My kay'in ene, mother in-law and my kayin eje, my husband’s older sister, who was divorced and had a 12 years old son, stayed in another small one bedroom house in the same courtyard. My kayin ini, my husband’s younger brother, who was 25 years old and single at that time, shared the three bedroom house with us. According to Central Asian culture, as the youngest son in the family, he inherits his parent’s house. As family members, we did not pay rent, but always contributed to the family’s economic needs. In addition, we “funded” all the socio-cultural events and traditional customs that took place in our house, the most major event being the memorial feast for my father-in-law who had died in 1991 from lung cancer [This is discussed more in detail in Chapter 5]. Although my mother-in-law is a very kind, soft, compassionate, and understanding woman, I felt uncomfortable asking her permission if I wanted to visit my parents, who lived about two and half miles away. Since I had lived by myself in the States for ten years, I was used to making independent decisions about my personal life and my visits to people. As a married woman, I experienced another interesting aspect of Kyrgyz traditional culture. One time, I, quite naively, cried when my own father jokingly gave his fatherly advice when I visited them: “It is not nice of you to visit your parent’s house so often after you got married. Chikkan ki’z chiyden fishkari, he said to me, “a Daughter who has left her house (by marrying) stays away (from her family business.)” My mother would say to me, also jokingly, the Kyrgyz proverb, every time I came home: “Torkunii jakindi'n toshogu jiyilbayt,” “The bed of a woman whose torkiin lives close by is never folded up,” i.e., she takes off to visit her own parents (in the morning) without putting her
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