Country Background Report – Denmark
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
The users
There is a long tradition for involving the users of the Folkeskole (parents and the stu- dents themselves) in the governing of the schools, including the establishment of school boards in the 1990s (Normann Andersen 2000, Floris & Bidsted 1996). Parental representatives elected among the parents hold the majority in the school boards. Stu- dents, teachers and the school leader are also represented in the boards. School boards set the principles for the organisation of teaching and the collaboration between the school and homes. They approve the budget of the school and teaching aids. They set the house rules for the school. Furthermore, parents are expected to engage in the schooling of their children through cooperation between the school and homes. Other stakeholders At the national level, the Ministry of Children, Education and Gender Equality cooper- ates with at least two other Ministries with regard to policy making and implementa- tion. These are the Ministry of Higher Education and Science and the Ministry of So- cial Affairs and the Interior. The field of responsibility of the former is higher educa- tion, while that of the latter is children with special needs. The common themes are inclusion and transition from preschool to basic education and from youth to higher education. A number of interest organisations are also relevant stakeholders. Local Government Denmark (LGDK) represents all 98 municipalities. It serves as both a political organi- sation and as an employer’s organisation. It focuses on the content of basic education but also on the financing of the Folkeskole. Every year, LGDK negotiates the overall financial frames of the local authorities with the Government. The association of direc- tors of education (Børne- og Kulturchefforeningen – BKF) gathers most directors of education in the municipalities. The teacher and school leader unions are also im- portant stakeholders. They are involved in, for instance, e.g. national negotiations on working conditions etc. The parental organisation ‘School and Parents’ (Skole og 58 Forældre) primarily represents the school boards. The Association of Danish Pupils (Danske Skoleelever) takes care of the students’ interests. The Media The Danish Folkeskole is the subject of heavy debate in the media and among the pub- lic in general. One issue has been the educational performance of Danish students compared to other countries, especially Denmark’s scores in the PISA studies and the Danish expense level when compared to other OECD countries. Lately, with the intro- duction of the reform of 2014 and the Act specifying the framework for utilisation of the working hours of teachers the debate has intensified, and various stakeholders in the school system use the media to expose their points of view. 2.5 Market mechanisms in the school system Every child is assigned to the local Folkeskole in the school district to which they be- long, and they have a right to be accepted into that school. Parents are allowed to choose a Folkeskole in another school district, which is obliged to admit the student if there is a vacancy. The school is to admit the student if there are vacancies in the al- ready established classes at the relevant form level. Vacancies are defined as the num- ber of students below the maximum number of students per class set by the municipali- ty within the frame of the national regulation specifying a maximum of 28 students per class. Thus, the school may turn a student from another school district down if it re- quires them to create a new class. Furthermore, in cases of several students from out- side the school district applying for a place in a school, the school may apply criteria for acceptance, for instance whether a student has siblings at the school, the distance between school and the student’s home etc. The parents can also choose a private school that provides education from pre-school to the 9 th or 10 th form, but the private school can refuse to accept the student. The pri- vate schools determine the objectives for the education, but they have to offer an edu- cation that commensurates with the Folkeskole. The private schools are also to prepare the students to be citizens in a democratic society. Nevertheless, the private schools in Denmark are highly diverse, and both students from weak and strong socio-economic backgrounds attend the private schools. Even though the private schools and the stu- dents in private schools are highly heterogeneous, studies indicate that one of the chal- lenges facing the Folkeskole is that the students of private schools in general have a more advantageous socio-economic background compared to the students of the Folke- skole (Tornhøj Christensen & Ladenburg 2012). The private schools receive a public grant per student per year for their operational expenditures. The grant equals 71 per cent of the average expenditure per student per year in the Folkeskole. A smaller grant from the national government supplements the 59 municipal grant, and in addition to this the parents pay a fee, which varies from school to school. The average parents fee is about 1,000-2,000 DKK per month ( www.borger.dk ). The municipality is obliged to pay for students’ transportation, if the student lives more than 2.5 km from the Folkeskole in which he/she is enrolled (The Ministry of Education 2014a: § 24). If the parents choose another school for their child, they lose the right to free transportation. Research shows that, on average, private schooling has no significant effect on school leaving examination scores (Calmar Andersen 2008b). However, heterogeneous effects exist as, on the one hand, private schools with students with a high average socio- economic status perform better than similar public schools. On the other hand, private schools with students with low average socio-economic status perform less well than their public counterparts. Competition from private schools does not seem to improve public school student per- formance. In contrast, more competition from private schools implies higher public school spending (Calmar Andersen & Serritzlew 2007). As mentioned, more than 82 per cent of the children of school age attend the Folke- skole. About 15 per cent attend private schools, and the number is slightly increasing, see also Section 2.2. The number of private schools is also increasing (see Table 5.1 in Chapter 5). Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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