Country Background Report – Denmark
KORA Danish Institute for Local and Regional
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
KORA
Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research KORA is an independent research institute under the Danish Ministry for Economic Affairs and the Interior. The knowledge generated by KORA is impartial. The objective of the institute is to advise public authorities and communicate the results of the Institute’s work to relevant public and private stakeholders, and to the general public. Preface This report presents the results of the Country Background Report (CBR) for Denmark prepared as input to OECD’s Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Re- source Use in Schools (referred to as School Resource Review). The purpose of the OECD School Resource Review is to provide a comparative framework of knowledge based on experiences from the individual countries on 1. how to effectively govern resources in the school system 2. how to effectively distribute resources across the school system 3. how to effectively utilise resources, once they have been allocated to different priorities and programmes 4. how to effectively manage resources at different levels of the system (Direc- torate for Education and Skills 2013). The overall purpose of the Danish CBR is to provide knowledge on the effectiveness of resource use in the Danish primary and lower secondary school system. This docu- ment was prepared in response to guidelines that the OECD provided to all countries. The document also constituted the background for an OECD expert team’s visit to Denmark in April 2015. In addition to the authors of the background report, a number of other researchers at KORA have contributed to the extensive work of data collection and the reviewing of studies: Thomas Astrup Bæk, Lasse Hønge Flarup, Simon Feilberg, Nanna Friche, Hans Klop- penborg, Hanne Søndergård Pedersen, Katrine Nøhr and Jesper Wittrup. The Danish CBR is commissioned and financed by the Danish Ministry of Children, Education and Gender Equality. Content List of acronyms and glossary of terms .................................................................................. 7 Executive summary ...............................................................................................................10 1 Purpose, methods and contextual background ..............................................................16 1.1 The purpose of the report and the core concepts ....................................... 16 1.2 Data and methods ..................................................................................... 18 1.3 Contextual background of the review ....................................................... 22 2 The Danish school system ...........................................................................................30 2.1 Organisation of the school system and the structure of the overall education programme ............................................................................... 30 2.2 Key figures of the Folkeskole and recent reforms ..................................... 35 2.3 Objectives of the education system and student learning objectives .......... 44 2.4 Education environment and the distribution of responsibilities within the school system ..................................................................................... 49 2.5 Market mechanisms in the school system ................................................. 58 2.6 Performance of the school system ............................................................ 61 2.7 Policy approaches to equity in education .................................................. 64 2.8 Main challenges ....................................................................................... 65 3 Governance of resource use in schools .........................................................................68 3.1 Overview of studies.................................................................................. 73 3.2 Studies of Policy priorities/differences in spending per student across regions or type of municipality ................................................................. 76 3.3 Studies of Implementation of policies ...................................................... 80 3.4 Studies of Responsibilities across levels of the school system .................. 85 3.5 Studies of Sources of revenue................................................................... 85 3.6 Studies of Benchmarking of efficiency or effectiveness............................ 85 3.7 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding governance of resource use in schools ............................................................................. 91 4 Resource distribution ...................................................................................................93 4.1 Overview of studies.................................................................................. 95 4.2 Studies of Distribution of resources across administrative levels and resource types .......................................................................................... 98 4.3 Studies of Distribution of resources and students to individual schools .. 102 4.4 Studies of School structure and distribution of school facilities and materials such as ICT ............................................................................. 106 4.5 Studies of Distribution of teacher resources............................................ 109 4.6 Studies of Distribution of school leadership resources ............................ 111 4.7 Studies of Programmes targeted to specific students ............................... 114 4.8 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding resource distribution ... 117 5 Resource utilisation ................................................................................................... 120 5.1 Overview of studies................................................................................ 124 5.2 Studies of Allocation of teacher resources to students ............................ 126 5.3 Studies of Matching resources to individual students learning needs ...... 131 5.4 Studies of Organisation of teaching and learning environment ............... 134 5.5 Studies of Organisation of student learning time .................................... 135 5.6 Studies of Use of school facilities and materials, for instance ITC .......... 136 5.7 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding resource utilisation ...... 138 6 Resource management ............................................................................................... 140 6.1 Overview of studies................................................................................ 141 6.2 Monitoring resource use (audit system etc.) ........................................... 143 6.3 Studies of outcome-based planning, rewards, sanctions and other incentives ............................................................................................... 147 6.4 Studies of Capacity building for resource management .......................... 151 6.5 Studies of transparency and reporting on outputs and costs .................... 154 6.6 Summary and synthesis of knowledge regarding resource management .. 156 Appendix 1: Descriptive statistics ....................................................................................... 158 Appendix 2: Pre-school resources ....................................................................................... 163 Regulation .............................................................................................. 163 The organisation of the Danish pre-primary education............................ 164 Local-authority day care centres ........................................................ 164 Self-governing institutions ................................................................. 164 Private institutions ............................................................................. 164 Day care in private homes .................................................................. 164 Demographics and attendance ................................................................ 165 Resources ............................................................................................... 166 Parental financing .............................................................................. 168 Transition to primary and lower secondary school .................................. 168 Appendix 3: Upper secondary and vocational school resources .......................................... 169 The general upper secondary programmes .............................................. 170 Schools .............................................................................................. 170 Financing ........................................................................................... 170 Quality and supervision ..................................................................... 171 The initial vocational education and training programmes (IVET) .......... 171 Colleges ............................................................................................. 171 Management ...................................................................................... 172 Financing ........................................................................................... 172 Supervision and quality...................................................................... 172 Number of students and educational capacity ..................................... 173 Governance of resource use in upper secondary education ..................... 173 Resource distribution in upper secondary education ............................... 174 Efficiency and effectiveness in upper secondary education ................ 174 Appendix 4: Search strategy ................................................................................................ 176 The general working process .................................................................. 176 Research question, inclusion and exclusion criteria. ............................... 176 Research question and inclusion criteria ............................................ 176 Exclusion criteria ............................................................................... 178 Phases in the literature review ................................................................ 179 Phase 1: Screening for potentially relevant studies ................................. 180 Search pillar 1: Research institutions and key persons........................ 181 Search pillar 2: Internet-based search for inquiries and reports from public authorities, consulting houses, non-governmental organizations and other actors. ........................................................... 183 Phase 2: Evaluation of the studies’ relevance in relation to the research questions ................................................................................................ 184 Phase 3: Systematic Evaluation of the studies’ content and methodological quality ........................................................................... 184 References .......................................................................................................................... 189 Download 1.6 Mb. 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