Country Background Report – Denmark
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
Resource utilisation
A key resource in the schooling sector is the teachers. Though traditional teachers are not the only personnel group used in public schools, the importance of the teachers is illustrated by the fact that many of the studies regarding resource utilisation concern the provision and effects of teacher resources. In general, teachers are found to be most valuable when they spend their time on teaching. A positive relationship exists be- tween the time allocated to teaching and student achievement. In addition, the student- to-teacher ratio with respect to class size has an effect on student achievement, as more studies find a negative effect of class size on student achievement. Teacher motivation is an important asset and is affected by the leadership style of the school leader as well as the way teachers perceive specific policy initiatives. When it comes to student achievement at the final exams in 9 th form, students taught by teach- ers with a high level of Public Service Motivation perform better. There is a positive effect of extra teachers on the students’ reading skills in national test scores in the 6 th form. Studies on the matching of resources to individual students’ learning needs revealed large changes in special needs education in recent years. Inclusion of students with special educational needs has become much more prevalent and segregation to special education has decreased in the wake of changes in financial incentives and organiza- tional changes in pedagogical-psychological advising unit (PPR). The increased use of 14 inclusion in public schools does not seem to have affected the parents’ choice between public and private schools, but the evidence is somewhat weak. The use of ITC in the Folkeskole is widespread, but not unproblematic. Teachers and school leaders have ITC available but experience operational and technical challenges. In addition, teachers report that they do not have sufficient competencies on how to use ICT and guide the students. A study of the effects of ITC in teaching finds that the availability of text-to-speech software has a positive effect on reading comprehension and text decoding in the national tests in reading. Resource management The development of and rise in data use in education over the last decade has allegedly moved the sector towards a situation with increasing ‘governance by numbers’. This trend is being reinforced by the Folkeskole reform currently being implemented, as the reform places a stronger focus on national performance measures and gives school leaders more financial and managerial autonomy. There has been an increase in the initiation and use of performance data in Danish ed- ucation. Largely evaluation, documentation and performance data is available and ini- tiated at national, local and school level. Comparatively, the Danish resource manage- ment systems can be termed soft. The Folkeskole is the responsibility of the munici- palities, and the national level governs at a distance. School leaders are responsible for translating external demands into internal direction at the schools. Often, school lead- ers are more reactive than proactive in this regard. They often apply more informal leadership strategies based on relations and dialogue, rather than utilising evaluation, documentation and other forms of data. School leaders have typically viewed the pur- pose of the Folkeskole as being broader than performance relating to the academic skills of the students, but are increasingly emphasising performance-based manage- ment and use of evaluation data as relevant management instruments. Municipalities are reluctant when it comes to follow-up on school performance, goal attainment etc. Thus, despite increased information from evaluations, documentation and performance data the information is not fully utilised as a management instrument. However, at this level there are also signs of a more professional approach to perfor- mance management, e.g. with the new version of the quality reports. The increased focus on performance is accompanied by a strategy of transparency. So far, it is unknown whether increased demands on transparency will improve the per- formance of the Danish Folkeskole. However, increased transparency and the publica- tion of performance data have led to an increased public debate about the quality and aim of the Danish Folkeskole. 15 The motives guiding municipalities, schools and teachers are important for effective implementation and resource management. Economic incentives seem rather strong at the level of the municipalities and to some extent at the school level. If resource man- agement is supported by economic incentives, increased compliance can be expected at the municipality and school levels. Studies show that Danish teachers are motivated by a need to make a difference for the students and the society in general, i.e. public sec- tor motivation and attaining better student performance. Teachers’ responses to re- source management vary depending on their values, their influence on the initiatives and their educational background. 16 1 Purpose, methods and contextual background 1.1 The purpose of the report and the core concepts The overall purpose of the Danish Country Background Report (CBR) is to provide knowledge on the effectiveness of resource use in the Danish primary and lower sec- ondary school system. The CBR has been prepared to provide information on ap- proaches in the Danish school system to improve or sustain the effectiveness of re- source use in schools, the challenges of implementation and the evidence of their im- pact for further analysis in the OECD School Resource Review. The CBRs will provide analysis of context, key factors and policy responses under the theme of the effectiveness of resource use in the Danish school system. The focus of the report is the Danish municipal primary and lower secondary school, called the “Folkeskole” (The Ministry of Education 2008). An annex describes gov- ernance, resource distribution, resource utilisation and resource management in pre- school/daycare services and upper secondary and vocational education. In line with the notion of “the 3 Es” of Fiscal management (Boyne 2002, Flynn 2012), three concepts relating to effective use of resources will be applied in the report: 1. Economy: Economic use of resources is related to the input of resources to the school system, the size of the budgets and the ability to stick to the budget. A typical indicator of Economy is school expenditure per student. Lower costs per student indicates a more economic use of resources. 2. Efficiency: Efficiency is related to the output of the school system relative to the input of resources to the school system, i.e. the cost per unit of output 1 . A typical indicator of Efficiency is the cost of one hour of teaching or the hours taught per year per teacher. More hours taught per teacher or lower costs per hour of teaching indicate a more efficient use of resources. 3. Effectiveness: Effectiveness is related to the outcome of the school system rela- tive to the input of resources to the school system. This definition complies with the cost-effectiveness definition of effectiveness, i.e. the cost per unit of outcome. The quality and effects of the activities in the school system in rela- tion to the targets to be achieved by the school system constitute the outcome of the school system. A typical indicator of Effectiveness is student performance 1 The literature also uses the concept ‘allocative efficiency’ to refer to the responsiveness of the services to the preferences of the public (Boyne 2002: 18). In this report, however, we follow the convention and define efficiency as technical efficiency. 17 at final exams relative to the school expenditures per student. In this respect, higher student performance per DKK spent indicates higher effectiveness 2 . It should be noted, that studies of effects are not necessarily studies of effectiveness. Many well-performed studies of school effects are designed to benchmark effects across schools or estimate the effects of new policy initiatives. If no data on costs are included in the studies, only conclusions on effects can be drawn and no conclusions on effectiveness can be made. The OECD’s School Resource Review focuses on the Effectiveness of Resource Use. Accordingly, effect studies without information on resource use do not provide relevant information. Thus, knowledge on resource use is crucial. Within the frame of the 3 E’s, the Country Background Report focuses on the governance, distribution, utilisation and management of resources in the Danish Folke- skole. Thus, the specific purpose of this report is to analyse the five themes listed in Table 1.1 and the accompanying research questions in the context of the Danish Folkeskole. Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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